1 Samuel 15
Samuel commands Saul to go to war against Amalek and 'completely destroy everything that belongs to them. Do not spare them...destroy them' (15:3)—a total ban (ḥērem) that Saul executes incompletely, sparing Agag (the Amalekite king) and the best livestock 'as an offering to the LORD' (15:15, Saul's rationalization). Samuel confronts Saul: 'Does the LORD delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices as much as in obeying the voice of the LORD? To obey is better than sacrifice' (15:22)—a condemnation of ritual obedience without moral and covenantal integrity, and a declaration that Saul's kingship is ended: 'The LORD has torn the kingdom of Israel from you today and has given it to one of your neighbors—to one better than you' (15:28). Saul's disobedience—his refusal to execute the ban completely and his substitution of ritual sacrifice for covenant obedience—demonstrates the futility of human kingship when divorced from wholehearted submission to the divine word; Samuel hacks Agag to pieces (15:33) to complete the ban Saul neglected, and departs from Saul, never to see him again. The chapter marks the rupture between the LORD and Saul's dynasty, and though Saul retains the throne, his authority is fatally compromised.
1 Samuel 15:1
Samuel also said unto Saul, The LORD sent me to anoint thee to be king over his people, over Israel: now therefore hearken thou unto the voice of the LORD — Samuel reminds Saul of his divine appointment as king and calls him to obedience ('shmor el kol asher yomer YHWH, listen to all that the LORD says').
1 Samuel 15:2
Thus saith the LORD of hosts, I remember that which Amalek did to Israel, how he laid wait for him in the way, when he came up from Egypt — God through Samuel recalls Amalek's ancient attack on Israel during the wilderness journey (cf. Exodus 17; Deuteronomy 25:17-19). The word 'laid wait' ('asher satahu) suggests ambush or treachery.
1 Samuel 15:3
Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass — God commands total destruction ('ḥerem, destruction, the devoted thing'). The command is absolute and without exception: all living creatures are to be destroyed. This is the practice of ḥerem, the holy ban, in which the enemy is devoted to destruction as an offering to God.
1 Samuel 15:4
And Saul gathered the people together, and numbered them in Telaim, two hundred thousand footmen, and ten thousand men of Judah — Saul mobilizes a massive army: 200,000 from Israel and 10,000 from Judah.
1 Samuel 15:5
And Saul came to a city of the Amalekites, and laid wait in the valley — Saul approaches the Amalekite city and sets an ambush in the valley.
1 Samuel 15:6
And Saul said unto the Kenites, Go, depart, get you down from among the Amalekites, lest I destroy you with them: for ye shewed kindness to all the children of Israel, when they came up out of Egypt — Saul allows the Kenites (who had shown friendship to Israel) to escape, showing that he discriminates among people based on prior relationships. This is the only exception to the command for total destruction.