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1 Samuel 14

1

Now it came to pass upon a day, that Jonathan the son of Saul said unto the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over to the Philistines’ garrison, that is on the other side. But he told not his father.

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2

And Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a pomegranate tree which is in Migron: and the people that were with him were about six hundred men;

3

And Ahiah, the son of Ahitub, I–chabod’s brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, the Lord’s priest in Shiloh, wearing an ephod. And the people knew not that Jonathan was gone.

4

And between the passages, by which Jonathan sought to go over unto the Philistines’ garrison, there was a sharp rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on the other side: and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh.

5

The forefront of the one was situate northward over against Michmash, and the other southward over against Gibeah.

6

And Jonathan said to the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over unto the garrison of these uncircumcised: it may be that the Lord will work for us: for there is no restraint to the Lord to save by many or by few.

7

And his armourbearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart.

8

Then said Jonathan, Behold, we will pass over unto these men, and we will discover ourselves unto them.

9

If they say thus unto us, Tarry until we come to you; then we will stand still in our place, and will not go up unto them.

1
10

But if they say thus, Come up unto us; then we will go up: for the Lord hath delivered them into our hand: and this shall be a sign unto us.

11

And both of them discovered themselves unto the garrison of the Philistines: and the Philistines said, Behold, the Hebrews come forth out of the holes where they had hid themselves.

12

And the men of the garrison answered Jonathan and his armourbearer, and said, Come up to us, and we will shew you a thing. And Jonathan said unto his armourbearer, Come up after me: for the Lord hath delivered them into the hand of Israel.

13

And Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his feet, and his armourbearer after him: and they fell before Jonathan; and his armourbearer slew after him.

14

And that first slaughter, which Jonathan and his armourbearer made, was about twenty men, within as it were an half acre of land, which a yoke of oxen might plow.

15

And there was trembling in the host, in the field, and among all the people: the garrison, and the spoilers, they also trembled, and the earth quaked: so it was a very great trembling.

16

And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked; and, behold, the multitude melted away, and they went on beating down one another.

17

Then said Saul unto the people that were with him, Number now, and see who is gone from us. And when they had numbered, behold, Jonathan and his armourbearer were not there.

18

And Saul said unto Ahiah, Bring hither the ark of God. For the ark of God was at that time with the children of Israel.

19

And it came to pass, while Saul talked unto the priest, that the noise that was in the host of the Philistines went on and increased: and Saul said unto the priest, Withdraw thine hand.

20

And Saul and all the people that were with him assembled themselves, and they came to the battle: and, behold, every man’s sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture.

21

Moreover the Hebrews that were with the Philistines before that time, which went up with them into the camp from the country round about, even they also turned to be with the Israelites that were with Saul and Jonathan.

22

Likewise all the men of Israel which had hid themselves in mount Ephraim, when they heard that the Philistines fled, even they also followed hard after them in the battle.

23

So the Lord saved Israel that day: and the battle passed over unto Beth–aven.

1
24

And the men of Israel were distressed that day: for Saul had adjured the people, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies. So none of the people tasted any food.

25

And all they of the land came to a wood; and there was honey upon the ground.

26

And when the people were come into the wood, behold, the honey dropped; but no man put his hand to his mouth: for the people feared the oath.

27

But Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people with the oath: wherefore he put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand, and dipped it in an honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened.

28

Then answered one of the people, and said, Thy father straitly charged the people with an oath, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food this day. And the people were faint.

29

Then said Jonathan, My father hath troubled the land: see, I pray you, how mine eyes have been enlightened, because I tasted a little of this honey.

30

How much more, if haply the people had eaten freely to day of the spoil of their enemies which they found? for had there not been now a much greater slaughter among the Philistines?

31

And they smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon: and the people were very faint.

32

And the people flew upon the spoil, and took sheep, and oxen, and calves, and slew them on the ground: and the people did eat them with the blood.

33

Then they told Saul, saying, Behold, the people sin against the Lord, in that they eat with the blood. And he said, Ye have transgressed: roll a great stone unto me this day.

34

And Saul said, Disperse yourselves among the people, and say unto them, Bring me hither every man his ox, and every man his sheep, and slay them here, and eat; and sin not against the Lord in eating with the blood. And all the people brought every man his ox with him that night, and slew them there.

35

And Saul built an altar unto the Lord: the same was the first altar that he built unto the Lord.

36

And Saul said, Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil them until the morning light, and let us not leave a man of them. And they said, Do whatsoever seemeth good unto thee. Then said the priest, Let us draw near hither unto God.

37

And Saul asked counsel of God, Shall I go down after the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into the hand of Israel? But he answered him not that day.

38

And Saul said, Draw ye near hither, all the chief of the people: and know and see wherein this sin hath been this day.

39

For, as the Lord liveth, which saveth Israel, though it be in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die. But there was not a man among all the people that answered him.

40

Then said he unto all Israel, Be ye on one side, and I and Jonathan my son will be on the other side. And the people said unto Saul, Do what seemeth good unto thee.

41

Therefore Saul said unto the Lord God of Israel, Give a perfect lot. And Saul and Jonathan were taken: but the people escaped.

42

And Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken.

43

Then Saul said to Jonathan, Tell me what thou hast done. And Jonathan told him, and said, I did but taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in mine hand, and, lo, I must die.

44

And Saul answered, God do so and more also: for thou shalt surely die, Jonathan.

45

And the people said unto Saul, Shall Jonathan die, who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel? God forbid: as the Lord liveth, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground; for he hath wrought with God this day. So the people rescued Jonathan, that he died not.

46

Then Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the Philistines went to their own place.

47

So Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines: and whithersoever he turned himself, he vexed them.

48

And he gathered an host, and smote the Amalekites, and delivered Israel out of the hands of them that spoiled them.

49

Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, and Ishui, and Melchi–shua: and the names of his two daughters were these; the name of the firstborn Merab, and the name of the younger Michal:

50

And the name of Saul’s wife was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz: and the name of the captain of his host was Abner, the son of Ner, Saul’s uncle.

51

And Kish was the father of Saul; and Ner the father of Abner was the son of Abiel.

52

And there was sore war against the Philistines all the days of Saul: and when Saul saw any strong man, or any valiant man, he took him unto him.

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1 Samuel 14

Jonathan, Saul's son, and his armor-bearer launch a surprise attack on the Philistine garrison at Michmash, trusting that 'nothing can hinder the LORD from saving, whether by many or by few' (14:6)—a statement of faith that contrasts with Saul's anxiety and impatience; the attack succeeds, throwing the Philistines into confusion and triggering a rout (14:15-16). Saul pursues the retreating Philistines and wins a great victory, yet the success is shadowed by Saul's rash oath: he curses anyone who eats food before evening, and when Jonathan unknowingly eats honey, Saul is prepared to execute his own son (14:44)—only the people's intervention saves Jonathan ('Shall Jonathan die, who has brought about this great victory in Israel?' 14:45). The chapter demonstrates that Jonathan embodies the faith and courage befitting a covenantal warrior, while Saul's obsession with maintaining control through oaths and threats reveals a kingship at odds with grace; the victory belongs to Jonathan's faith yet is claimed by Saul's authority, and Saul's readiness to execute his own son for a technical violation of his oath shows the danger of legalism divorced from covenant love.

1 Samuel 14:43

And Saul said to Jonathan, Tell me what thou hast done. And Jonathan told him, and said, I did but taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in mine hand: and, lo, I must die — Jonathan confesses to tasting honey in violation of the oath, and acknowledges that he must die according to Saul's pronouncement.

1 Samuel 14:44

And Saul answered, God do so and more also: for thou shalt surely die, Jonathan — Saul pronounces a death sentence on his own son. The oath binds him, yet the sentence is harsh and unbending.

1 Samuel 14:45

And the people said unto Saul, Shall Jonathan die, who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel? God forbid: as the LORD liveth, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground — the people intercede for Jonathan, recognizing that he was the instrument of the great victory. They swear that he must not be harmed. for he hath wrought with God this day. So the people rescued Jonathan, that he died not — the army collectively refuses to execute Jonathan, rescuing him from Saul's judgment. This confrontation reveals Saul's rigid legalism and the people's sense of justice and gratitude.

1 Samuel 14:46

Then Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the Philistines went to their own place — Saul ends the pursuit, and the Philistines retreat.

1 Samuel 14:47

So Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines: and whithersoever he turned, he put them to flight — Saul's reign becomes a period of military expansion. He fights against various surrounding nations and achieves victories.

1 Samuel 14:48

And he gathered an host, and smote the Amalekites, and delivered Israel out of the hands of them that spoiled them — Saul also campaigned against the Amalekites, Israel's ancient enemies.

1 Samuel 14:49

Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, and Ishui, and Melchi-shua: and the names of his two daughters were these; the name of the firstborn was Merab, and the name of the younger Michal — Saul's children are listed: sons Jonathan, Ishui, and Melchi-shua; daughters Merab and Michal. The mention of his family establishes his dynasty.

1 Samuel 14:50

And the name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz: and the name of the captain of his host was Abner, the son of Ner, Saul's uncle — Saul's wife is Ahinoam, and his military commander is Abner, his cousin. Abner becomes the principal military figure under Saul.

1 Samuel 14:51

And Kish was the father of Saul; and Ner, the father of Abner, was the son of Abiel — the genealogical connection confirms that Abner is Saul's relative.

1 Samuel 14:52

And there was sore war against the Philistines all the days of Saul: and when Saul saw any strong man, or any valiant man, he took him unto him — Saul's reign is marked by constant warfare with the Philistines. When he encounters capable warriors, he recruits them into his service. The constant conflict shapes Saul's reign.

1 Samuel 14:6

And Jonathan said to the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over unto the garrison of these uncircumcised — Jonathan addresses his armourbearer, calling the Philistines 'uncircumcised' ('arelim), a term emphasizing their separation from the covenant. it may be that the LORD will work for us — Jonathan expresses faith that God may grant deliverance ('asah YHWH lanu), not assuming victory but hoping for divine intervention. for there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few — this declaration of faith is profound: God's power is not limited by numbers. Whether Israel has many or few warriors, God can deliver. The statement expresses radical faith in divine omnipotence.

1 Samuel 14:7

And his armourbearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart — the armourbearer's response is complete loyalty and commitment. He affirms Jonathan's faith and pledges to follow wherever Jonathan leads.

1 Samuel 14:8

Then said Jonathan, Behold, we will pass over unto these men, and we will discover ourselves unto them — Jonathan proposes that they reveal themselves to the Philistines, initiating direct engagement.

1 Samuel 14:9

If they say thus unto us, Tarry until we come to you; then we will stand still in our place, and will not go up unto them — Jonathan establishes a sign: if the Philistines tell them to wait, they will remain in place.

1 Samuel 14:11

And both of them discovered themselves unto the Philistines: and the Philistines said, Behold, the Hebrews come forth out of the holes where they had hid themselves — Jonathan and his armourbearer reveal themselves, and the Philistines perceive them emerging from hiding. The taunt emphasizes their contempt for the Israelites.

1 Samuel 14:12

And the men of the garrison answered Jonathan and his armourbearer, and said, Come up to us, and we will shew you a thing — the Philistines challenge them to come up, issuing what sounds like a mocking invitation. The phrase 'we will shew you a thing' suggests they intend to demonstrate their military superiority.

1 Samuel 14:13

And Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his feet, and his armourbearer after him — Jonathan and his companion climb up the rocky passages using hands and feet, scaling the cliff-like terrain. and they fell before Jonathan; and his armourbearer slew them after him — as they reach the top, the Philistine garrison soldiers fall before Jonathan's assault, and the armourbearer kills them as they come. The rapid defeat of the initial defenders shows the shock value of Jonathan's bold attack.

1 Samuel 14:14

And that first slaughter, which Jonathan and his armourbearer made, was about twenty men — the first wave of Jonathan's attack kills about twenty Philistine warriors. within as it were an half acre of land, which a yoke of oxen might plow — the battlefield is small, perhaps an acre or less, emphasizing the close-quarters nature of the combat.

1 Samuel 14:15

And there was trembling in the host, in the field, and among all the people: the garrison, and the spoilers, also trembled, and the earth quaked — Jonathan's sudden, audacious attack causes panic throughout the Philistine force. The description of trembling ('raash, trembling or quaking') and the earth quaking ('va-tirgaz ha-aretz) suggests both literal vibrations and psychological terror spreading through the enemy. so it was a very great trembling — the panic becomes so overwhelming that the entire Philistine army is affected.

1 Samuel 14:16

And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked; and, behold, the multitude melted away, and they went on beating down one another — Saul's sentries observe the Philistine force in apparent disarray, with Philistines striking each other in the chaos of panic.

1 Samuel 14:17

Then said Saul unto the people that were with him, Number now, and see who is gone from us — Saul calls for a count of his forces to determine who might have left camp without permission. Presumably Saul suspects Jonathan of unauthorized action.

1 Samuel 14:18

And Saul said unto Ahiah, Bring hither the ark of God — Saul calls for the ark to be brought, intending to inquire of God. (For the ark of God was at that time with the children of Israel.) — the parenthetical note indicates that the ark was with the army at that time.

1 Samuel 14:19

And it came to pass, while Saul talked unto the priest, that the noise that was in the host of the Philistines went on and increased — while Saul is consulting with the priest, the commotion in the Philistine camp escalates. and Saul said unto the priest, Withdraw thine hand — Saul interrupts the consultation, recognizing that the situation requires immediate action rather than further divination.

1 Samuel 14:20

And Saul and all the people that were with him assembled themselves, and they came to the battle — Saul mobilizes his six hundred men and rushes to the battle. and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture — the Philistines, in panic, are striking each other ('ish cherev'o b're'ehu, man's sword against his fellow'). The chaos is complete disarray.

1 Samuel 14:24

And the men of Israel were distressed that day: for Saul had adjured the people, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies — in the heat of victory, Saul issues a rash oath ('nishba'), cursing anyone who eats food until evening. The oath is intended to maintain military momentum and prevent soldiers from stopping to eat. So none of the people tasted any food — the oath is scrupulously observed, the entire army fasting during the battle.

1 Samuel 14:25

And all they of the land came to a wood; and there was honey upon the ground — as the pursuit continues, the soldiers come upon honeycomb in a forest. The honey ('devash) is abundant on the ground, a precious food in the ancient Near East.

1 Samuel 14:26

And when the people were come into the wood, behold, the honey dropped; but no man put his hand to his mouth: for the people feared the oath — despite the abundance of honey, no one tastes it, fearing Saul's curse. The discipline is maintained even in the face of hunger.

1 Samuel 14:27

But Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people with the oath: wherefore he put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand, and dipped it in an honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened — Jonathan, unaware of his father's oath, tastes honey on the tip of his staff. His eyes are 'enlightened' ('va-ta'oru eynaiv, his eyes became bright or clear), suggesting renewed energy and clarity of vision from the food.

1 Samuel 14:28

Then one of the people said, Thy father straitly charged the people with an oath, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food this day — someone informs Jonathan of his father's oath.

1 Samuel 14:29

And Jonathan said, My father hath troubled the land: see how mine eyes have been enlightened, because I tasted a little of this honey — Jonathan protests that his father's oath has been harmful ('arah) to the land. He argues that physical refreshment (seeing eyes brightened) would have improved the army's performance.

1 Samuel 14:40

But there was not a man among all the people that answered him — no one speaks, and the silence itself becomes accusatory.

1 Samuel 14:31

And they smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon — the pursuit covers significant distance, from Michmash westward toward Aijalon. and the people were very faint — the army is exhausted from the battle and the fast.

1 Samuel 14:32

And the people flew upon the spoil, and took sheep, and oxen, and calves, and slew them on the ground: and the people did eat them with the blood — in violation of the dietary law, the famished soldiers kill animals and consume them with blood, which is forbidden in Levitical law.

1 Samuel 14:33

Then they told Saul, saying, Behold, the people sin against the LORD, in that they eat with the blood — someone reports to Saul that the soldiers are transgressing by eating meat with blood. And he said, Ye have transgressed: roll a great stone unto me this day — Saul acknowledges the transgression but takes decisive action, establishing a proper altar (a stone) where animals can be slaughtered properly, allowing the blood to drain according to law.

1 Samuel 14:34

And Saul said, Disperse yourselves among the people, and say unto them, Bring me here every man his ox, and every man his sheep, and slay them here, and eat; and sin not against the LORD in eating with the blood — Saul commands that animals be brought to the stone altar and slaughtered properly, allowing the blood to drain before eating. The instruction prevents further violation of dietary law.

1 Samuel 14:35

And all the people brought every man his ox with him that night, and slew them there — the people comply with Saul's order, slaughtering their animals at the altar. And Saul built an altar unto the LORD: the same was the first altar that he built unto the LORD — this is noted as Saul's first altar construction, suggesting his role in maintaining religious law and proper worship.

1 Samuel 14:36

And Saul said, Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil them until the morning light, and let us not leave a man of them — Saul proposes a night pursuit to completely destroy the remaining Philistine force. And they said, Do all that seemeth good unto thee — the people affirm Saul's decision.

1 Samuel 14:37

Then said the priest, Let us draw near hither unto God — the priest suggests consulting God before pursuing further. And Saul asked God, Shall I go down after the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into the hand of Israel? — Saul inquires whether God approves the pursuit and whether deliverance is assured. But he answered him not that day — God does not respond. The silence suggests divine disapproval of continuing.

1 Samuel 14:38

And Saul said, Draw ye near hither, all the chief of the people: and know and see wherein this sin hath been this day — Saul senses that someone has transgressed, causing God's silence. He calls the leaders of the people to identify the transgression.

1 Samuel 14:39

For, as the LORD liveth, which saveth Israel, though it be in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die — Saul declares an oath that whoever has transgressed will be executed, even if it is Jonathan. The oath shows Saul's commitment to justice but also reveals a growing harshness.

1 Samuel 14:41

Therefore Saul said unto the LORD God of Israel, Give a perfect lot: and Saul and Jonathan were taken — Saul uses the Urim and Thummim (the priestly lot) to discern the guilty party, resulting in Jonathan being selected.

1 Samuel 14:42

And Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son — another casting narrows the guilt to Jonathan.

1 Samuel 14:30

How much more, if haply the people had eaten freely to day of the spoil of their enemies which they found? — Jonathan suggests that had the army eaten from the Philistine spoil, they would have achieved an even greater victory. His argument criticizes the rash oath.

1 Samuel 14:21

Moreover the Hebrews that were with the Philistines before that time, and which went up with them into the camp from the country round about, even they also turned to be with the Israelites that were with Saul and Jonathan — Israelites who had previously been forced into Philistine service now join Saul's army, turning against their former masters.

1 Samuel 14:22

Likewise all the men of Israel which had hid themselves in mount Ephraim, when they heard that the Philistines fled, they also followed hard after them in the battle — the Israelites who had fled into the hills of Ephraim, seeing the Philistines in retreat, now join the pursuit.

1 Samuel 14:23

So the LORD saved Israel that day — God grants deliverance ('va-yoshi'a YHWH') to Israel. and the battle passed over unto Beth-aven — the pursuit continues toward Beth-aven, eastward from Gibeah.

1 Samuel 14:10

But if they say thus, Come up unto us; then we will go up: for the LORD hath delivered them into our hand — if the Philistines call them to come up, this will be a sign that God has given them deliverance (natan YHWH 'otam b'yadenu). The sign-reading shows Jonathan's discernment of divine will through events.

1 Samuel 14:1

Now it came to pass upon a day, that Jonathan the son of Saul said unto the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over to the Philistines' garrison that is on the other side — Jonathan initiates a bold military action, calling his armourbearer to attack the Philistine garrison across the valley from Gibeah. The armourbearer ('nose klev, one who bears the armor') is Jonathan's trusted servant and companion.

1 Samuel 14:2

But he told not his father — Jonathan acts without informing Saul, showing initiative but also a lack of coordination with his father. And Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a pomegranate tree which is in Migron — Saul remains at the edge of Gibeah under a pomegranate tree, unaware of Jonathan's plan.

1 Samuel 14:3

And the people that were with him were about six hundred — Saul still has approximately six hundred men with him. And Ahiah, the son of Ahitub, Ichabod's brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, was the LORD's priest in Shiloh, wearing an ephod — the priest Ahijah is present, able to consult God through the ephod (ephod), the priestly device for discerning God's will.

1 Samuel 14:4

And between the passages by which Jonathan sought to go over unto the Philistines' garrison, there was a sharp rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on the other side — the geography creates a narrow passage ('metzorim, straits or passages) between steep rocky outcrops, making the approach difficult.

1 Samuel 14:5

And the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh — the two rocks have names: Bozez (bright or shining) and Seneh (thorn or thorny). The named landmarks suggest this is a well-known tactical passage.