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1 Samuel 16

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And the Lord said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? fill thine horn with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Beth–lehemite: for I have provided me a king among his sons.

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And Samuel said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me. And the Lord said, Take an heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to the Lord.

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And call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will shew thee what thou shalt do: and thou shalt anoint unto me him whom I name unto thee.

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And Samuel did that which the Lord spake, and came to Beth–lehem. And the elders of the town trembled at his coming, and said, Comest thou peaceably?

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And he said, Peaceably: I am come to sacrifice unto the Lord: sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice. And he sanctified Jesse and his sons, and called them to the sacrifice.

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And it came to pass, when they were come, that he looked on Eliab, and said, Surely the Lord’s anointed is before him.

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But the Lord said unto Samuel, Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; because I have refused him: for the Lord seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the Lord looketh on the heart.

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Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. And he said, Neither hath the Lord chosen this.

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Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. And he said, Neither hath the Lord chosen this.

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Again, Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. And Samuel said unto Jesse, The Lord hath not chosen these.

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And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him: for we will not sit down till he come hither.

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And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the Lord said, Arise, anoint him: for this is he.

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Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brethren: and the Spirit of the Lord came upon David from that day forward. So Samuel rose up, and went to Ramah.

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But the Spirit of the Lord departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord troubled him.

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And Saul’s servants said unto him, Behold now, an evil spirit from God troubleth thee.

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Let our lord now command thy servants, which are before thee, to seek out a man, who is a cunning player on an harp: and it shall come to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall play with his hand, and thou shalt be well.

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And Saul said unto his servants, Provide me now a man that can play well, and bring him to me.

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Then answered one of the servants, and said, Behold, I have seen a son of Jesse the Beth–lehemite, that is cunning in playing, and a mighty valiant man, and a man of war, and prudent in matters, and a comely person, and the Lord is with him.

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Wherefore Saul sent messengers unto Jesse, and said, Send me David thy son, which is with the sheep.

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And Jesse took an ass laden with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a kid, and sent them by David his son unto Saul.

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And David came to Saul, and stood before him: and he loved him greatly; and he became his armourbearer.

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And Saul sent to Jesse, saying, Let David, I pray thee, stand before me; for he hath found favour in my sight.

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And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took an harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him.

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1 Samuel 16

The LORD instructs Samuel to anoint David, the youngest son of Jesse of Bethlehem, as Saul's successor (16:1-3), and when Samuel anoints David with oil, 'the Spirit of the LORD came powerfully upon David' (16:13)—a gift that establishes David's covenantal standing. David is brought to Saul's court as an armor-bearer and musician, soothing Saul's spirit with his lyre whenever an evil spirit torments Saul (16:14-23)—an ironic intimacy in which the young man destined to replace Saul becomes his closest companion and healer. The contrast between Saul (chosen by lot, reluctant, disobedient) and David (chosen by divine word, anointed with the Spirit, gifted with music and courage) is sharpened: David, introduced as 'a man after [the LORD's] own heart' (referring back to 13:14), embodies the covenantal king whom Israel's rejection of the theocratic covenant has made necessary. The chapter marks the transition in power from the failed human monarchy (Saul) to the divinely-chosen dynasty (David), though the transfer is hidden from Saul and occurs while David remains Saul's subordinate.

1 Samuel 16:1

And the LORD said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? — God calls Samuel away from his mourning over Saul. God has 'rejected' Saul from the kingship. fill thine horn with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Bethlehemite: for I have provided me a king among his sons — God directs Samuel to go to Jesse of Bethlehem with a horn of anointing oil. God has 'provided' ('raah) a king among Jesse's sons. This marks the beginning of David's elevation.

1 Samuel 16:2

And Samuel said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me — Samuel expresses fear that Saul will learn of his mission and execute him. The fear is not unfounded; Saul's instability is evident.

1 Samuel 16:3

And the LORD said, Take an heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to the LORD — God directs Samuel to take a young cow and claim that he is coming to offer sacrifice. This provides cover for his real mission. and call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will shew thee what thou shalt do: and thou shalt anoint unto me him whom I name unto thee — God will guide Samuel to the correct person among Jesse's sons.

1 Samuel 16:4

And Samuel did that which the LORD spake, and came to Beth-lehem. And the elders of the town trembled at his coming, and said, Comest thou peaceably? — Samuel arrives in Bethlehem, and the town elders are afraid (trembled, 'yirdu), asking if he comes in peace. Samuel's arrival, a significant prophetic figure, causes apprehension.

1 Samuel 16:5

And he said, Peaceably: I am come to sacrifice unto the LORD: sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice — Samuel affirms peaceful intent and invites the town to sanctify themselves and join the sacrifice.

1 Samuel 16:6

And when they were come, he looked on Eliab, and said, Surely the LORD's anointed is before him — when the sons of Jesse come, Samuel first sees Eliab (the eldest son, who is presumably tall and impressive in appearance). Samuel assumes Eliab is the chosen one.

1 Samuel 16:7

But the LORD said unto Samuel, Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; because I have refused him — God rejects Samuel's assumption, instructing him not to judge by appearance ('to'ar, form) or stature ('gobah). for the LORD seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart — this statement establishes a fundamental theological principle: human judgment focuses on externals, but God 'looks on the heart' ('levav, the heart, the center of will and intention'). The principle directly contradicts the earlier description of Saul, who was selected partly for his impressive physical appearance (9:2). David's election will be based on his inner character.

1 Samuel 16:8

Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this one — the second son is presented and rejected.

1 Samuel 16:9

Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this one — the third son is also rejected.

1 Samuel 16:10

Again, Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. And Samuel said unto Jesse, The LORD hath not chosen these — all seven sons presented by Jesse are rejected. Samuel indicates that the chosen one is not among them.

1 Samuel 16:11

And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the sheep — Jesse reveals that he has a youngest son ('ketzon, the smallest or youngest'), David, who is currently tending the sheep. The youngest son's occupation—keeping sheep—is humble, consistent with the principle of divine reversal and the choosing of the lowly.

1 Samuel 16:12

And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him: for we will not sit down till he come hither — Samuel insists that David be brought. And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to — David is described as 'ruddy' ('admoni, reddish, possibly fair-skinned), 'beautiful of countenance' ('yafeh to'ar), and 'good to look upon' ('yafeh mar'eh). Despite these attractive qualities, Samuel's choice will not be based on appearance. and the LORD said, Arise, and anoint him: for this is he — God directs Samuel to anoint David.

1 Samuel 16:13

Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brethren: and the Spirit of the LORD came upon David from that day forward — Samuel anoints David with oil in the presence of his family. The anointing marks David's selection as king, though this is not immediately made public. 'The Spirit of the LORD' (ruach YHWH) comes upon David, empowering him for his future role. The phrase 'from that day forward' ('minyom hahu va'halah) indicates the permanence of the Spirit's presence.

1 Samuel 16:14

But the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the LORD troubled him — as the Spirit departs from Saul, 'an evil spirit from the LORD' ('ruach ra'ah me'eth YHWH) troubles him. The spirit causes disturbance (bahal, to trouble or confuse). This is likely a spirit of depression, fear, or mental anguish, sent by God as judgment.

1 Samuel 16:15

And Saul's servants said unto him, Behold now, an evil spirit from God troubleth thee — Saul's attendants recognize that he is troubled by an evil spirit.

1 Samuel 16:16

Let our lord now command thy servants, which are before thee, to seek out a man, who is a cunning player on an harp: and it shall come to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall play with his hand, and thou shalt be well — the servants suggest finding a skilled harp player whose music might soothe Saul during his times of distress. Music was used therapeutically in the ancient world.

1 Samuel 16:17

And Saul said unto his servants, Provide me now a man that can play well, and bring him unto me — Saul approves the plan and asks his servants to find a skilled musician.

1 Samuel 16:18

Then answered one of the servants, and said, Behold, I have seen a son of Jesse the Beth-lehemite, that is cunning in playing, and a mighty valiant man, and a man of war, and prudent in matters, and a comely person, and the LORD is with him — one of the servants mentions David, describing him as: skilled in playing the harp ('ben Yishai habbeit-haleḥmiy shomir kelim), valiant ('gibhor ḥayil), a warrior ('ish milḥamah), wise in speech ('sakal b'davarim), handsome ('yafeh to'ar'), and one 'with whom the LORD is' ('v'YHWH im'o'). The recommendation emphasizes David's multifaceted competence and divine favor.

1 Samuel 16:19

Wherefore Saul sent messengers unto Jesse, and said, Send me David thy son, which is with the sheep — Saul sends for David. David's humble occupation is again noted.

1 Samuel 16:20

And Jesse took an ass laden with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a kid of the goats, and sent them by David his son unto Saul — Jesse sends David to Saul with gifts: bread, wine (in a skin), and a young goat. The gifts show respect and generosity.

1 Samuel 16:21

And David came to Saul, and stood before him: and he loved him greatly; and he became his armourbearer — David enters Saul's service. Saul 'loved him greatly' ('va-yidbaq bo 'od), a strong statement of affection. David becomes Saul's armourbearer ('nose klev), the intimate role of one who carries the king's armor.

1 Samuel 16:22

And Saul sent to Jesse, saying, Let David, I pray thee, stand before me; for he hath found favour in my sight — Saul formally requests that David remain in his service, praising him for finding 'favour' ('hen) in his sight.

1 Samuel 16:23

And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took an harp, and played with his hand: and Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him — when the evil spirit troubles Saul, David plays the harp ('vayinagen b'yado), and the music brings Saul relief. Saul is 'refreshed' ('varuḥ lo) and 'well' (v'tov lo, it was well with him), and the spirit departs. David's music becomes the means of Saul's temporary healing, though the fundamental problem—Saul's spiritual separation from God—remains unhealed. This poignant scene shows David as both a comfort to the troubled king and an unwitting instrument of divine purposes. The section concludes the rise of David and Saul's decline.