1 Samuel 16
The LORD instructs Samuel to anoint David, the youngest son of Jesse of Bethlehem, as Saul's successor (16:1-3), and when Samuel anoints David with oil, 'the Spirit of the LORD came powerfully upon David' (16:13)—a gift that establishes David's covenantal standing. David is brought to Saul's court as an armor-bearer and musician, soothing Saul's spirit with his lyre whenever an evil spirit torments Saul (16:14-23)—an ironic intimacy in which the young man destined to replace Saul becomes his closest companion and healer. The contrast between Saul (chosen by lot, reluctant, disobedient) and David (chosen by divine word, anointed with the Spirit, gifted with music and courage) is sharpened: David, introduced as 'a man after [the LORD's] own heart' (referring back to 13:14), embodies the covenantal king whom Israel's rejection of the theocratic covenant has made necessary. The chapter marks the transition in power from the failed human monarchy (Saul) to the divinely-chosen dynasty (David), though the transfer is hidden from Saul and occurs while David remains Saul's subordinate.
1 Samuel 16:1
And the LORD said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? — God calls Samuel away from his mourning over Saul. God has 'rejected' Saul from the kingship. fill thine horn with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Bethlehemite: for I have provided me a king among his sons — God directs Samuel to go to Jesse of Bethlehem with a horn of anointing oil. God has 'provided' ('raah) a king among Jesse's sons. This marks the beginning of David's elevation.
1 Samuel 16:2
And Samuel said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me — Samuel expresses fear that Saul will learn of his mission and execute him. The fear is not unfounded; Saul's instability is evident.
1 Samuel 16:3
And the LORD said, Take an heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to the LORD — God directs Samuel to take a young cow and claim that he is coming to offer sacrifice. This provides cover for his real mission. and call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will shew thee what thou shalt do: and thou shalt anoint unto me him whom I name unto thee — God will guide Samuel to the correct person among Jesse's sons.
1 Samuel 16:4
And Samuel did that which the LORD spake, and came to Beth-lehem. And the elders of the town trembled at his coming, and said, Comest thou peaceably? — Samuel arrives in Bethlehem, and the town elders are afraid (trembled, 'yirdu), asking if he comes in peace. Samuel's arrival, a significant prophetic figure, causes apprehension.
1 Samuel 16:5
And he said, Peaceably: I am come to sacrifice unto the LORD: sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice — Samuel affirms peaceful intent and invites the town to sanctify themselves and join the sacrifice.