Matthew 14
The beheading of John the Baptist by Herod — narrated as a flashback triggered by Herod's puzzled question about Jesus' identity — provides the shadow under which the rest of the chapter falls. Jesus withdraws to a solitary place when he hears the news, but the crowds follow him; he has compassion on them and heals the sick. The feeding of the five thousand is the only miracle (besides the resurrection) recorded in all four Gospels: five loaves and two fish, a blessing, breaking, and distribution by the disciples to five thousand men plus women and children, with twelve basketfuls of leftovers. The Eucharistic language (took, blessed, broke, gave) deliberately prefigures the Last Supper. The chapter closes with the sea-walking episode — Jesus comes to the disciples in the storm-tossed boat; Peter steps out and walks on water until he doubts and begins to sink; Jesus catches him and the wind ceases — producing the chapter's climax: those in the boat worship him, saying, truly you are the Son of God.
Matthew 14:1
At that time Herod the tetrarch heard about the fame of Jesus. The narrative interlude that follows the Nazareth rejection connects the report of Jesus' fame to Herod Antipas — the son of Herod the Great who ruled Galilee and Perea. The fame of Jesus that reached Herod sets up both the explanation of Herod's reaction and the context for John the Baptist's martyrdom.
Matthew 14:2
And he said to his servants: this is John the Baptist. He has been raised from the dead; that is why miraculous powers are at work in him. Herod's guilty conscience produces the identification of Jesus with the resurrected John the Baptist. The superstitious fear that the man he killed has been raised from the dead communicates the haunting power of an unjust execution: Herod cannot escape the memory of John, and Jesus' fame renews the guilt. The miraculous powers at work in the resurrected John is Herod's explanation for what he cannot otherwise account for.
Matthew 14:3
For Herod had seized John and bound him and put him in prison for the sake of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife. The backstory of John's imprisonment: Herod had arrested John because of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife — a marriage that John had publicly condemned as unlawful (Leviticus 18:16, 20:21). The for the sake of Herodias communicates that Herod's political power was being exercised in service of his personal relationship — a relationship John's prophetic honesty had challenged.
Matthew 14:4
Because John had been saying to him: it is not lawful for you to have her. John's prophetic charge — it is not lawful — is the application of the Mosaic law to the political ruler. The willingness to tell Herod the truth about his marriage is the courageous consistency of John's ministry: the one who called the religious establishment a brood of vipers (Matthew 3:7) also called the political ruler to account for his violation of the covenant's sexual ethics.