“What then? Israel hath not obtained that which he seeketh for; but the election hath obtained it, and the rest were blinded”
What then? What Israel sought so earnestly it did not obtain, but the elect did obtain it. The others were hardened — the distinction between Israel-as-a-whole and the elect (hoi eklektoi) reflects the dual reality: some responded to the gospel, others did not. Hardening (porōsis, a hardness or callousness) is passive voice here—God hardened them, or permitted hardening—a crucial theological tension.
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