“And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead:”
And who through the Spirit of holiness was appointed the Son of God in power by his resurrection from the dead: Jesus Christ our Lord. The contrast between flesh and Spirit (kata pneuma) marks the twofold dimension of Christ's identity and significance. Appointed (horizō) does not denote that Jesus became God's Son at the resurrection but rather that his divine sonship was declared (announced, revealed) with power through the resurrection. The Spirit of holiness (pneuma hagiasynēs) points to the Holy Spirit as the agent of resurrection power.
Church Fathers on Romans 1:4
“And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of Holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, even Jesus Christ.” What is said has been made obscure by the close-folding of the words, and so it is necessary to divide it. What then is it, which he says? We preach, says he, Him Who was made of David. But this is plain. Whence then is it plain, that this incarnate “Person” was also the Son of God? First, it is so from the prophets; wherefore he says,…
Nicene & Post-Nicene / Ante-Nicene Fathers translations · public domain
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