“And the hand of Midian prevailed against Israel: and because of the Midianites the children of Israel made them the dens which are in the mountains, and caves, and strong holds.”
The hand of Midian prevailed over Israel; and because of Midian the Israelites provided themselves with the dens that are in the mountains, caves and strongholds. — The description of Israel's forced migration into mountain refuges indicates the severity of Midianite raids and oppression. The terms 'dens... caves and strongholds' suggest that Israel retreated from valley settlement to defensible highlands, indicating loss of agricultural land and economic security.
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