You will be punished by the LORD of hosts with thunder and earthquake and loud noise, with whirlwind and tempest and the flame of a devouring fire, establishing that the judgment will involve cosmic forces and multiple forms of destruction—natural disasters and fire. The accumulation of forms of destruction—thunder, earthquake, whirlwind, tempest, fire—suggests the totality and the variety of divine judgment. The reference to the LORD of hosts (God as cosmic warrior) emphasizes the cosmic dimensions of the judgment. The oracle's imagery echoes theophanic descriptions elsewhere in scripture, suggesting that judgment manifests God's presence and power. The natural disaster imagery emphasizes that judgment is not merely military or political but cosmic and divine.

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