“But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise.”
His son by the slave woman was born in the ordinary way; but his son by the free woman was born as the result of a promise. — the contrast is temporal and modal: Ishmael's birth is 'kata' sarka' (according to flesh, natural generation), while Isaac's is 'dia tēs epangelias' (through promise), the latter grounded in God's word rather than human capacity, foreshadowing faith-righteous descent.
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