Hear, and testify against the house of Jacob, declares the LORD God, the God of hosts. A second summons to witness — this time directed at an unspecified audience, possibly the same foreign observers of verse 9, possibly the heavenly court itself. The full divine title 'LORD God, the God of hosts' is a formal courtroom designation, emphasizing that this is no private dispute but a cosmic judicial proceeding. The command to 'testify' (ha'idu) employs legal terminology, framing what follows as the formal reading of charges against Jacob in a divine court.

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