HolyStudy
Bible IndexRead BibleNotesChurchesMissionPrivacyTermsContact
© 2026 HolyStudy
HomeRead BibleBible NotesChurchesSign in
HolyStudy
HomeRead BibleBible NotesChurches
Sign in

Romans 13

1

Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God.

2

Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation.

3

For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same:

4

For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil.

5

Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake.

6

For for this cause pay ye tribute also: for they are God’s ministers, attending continually upon this very thing.

1
7

Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honour to whom honour.

8

Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law.

9

For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.

2
10

Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.

11

And that, knowing the time, that now it is high time to awake out of sleep: for now is our salvation nearer than when we believed.

12

The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light.

13

Let us walk honestly, as in the day; not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and envying.

14

But put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not provision for the flesh, to fulfil the lusts thereof.

← Previous ChapterNext Chapter →

Romans 13

The Christian is called to submit to the governing authorities, for no authority exists except by God's ordination, and those that exist have been instituted by God—the ruler is God's servant for good, the bearer of the sword who carries out God's wrath upon the evildoer. Paul establishes the legitimacy of civil authority yet grounds it in divine delegation, implying both obedience and accountability to a higher norm. Taxes must be paid, tribute rendered, honor and respect given to whom they are due; yet the debt of love transcends all human obligations—owe nothing except to love one another, for the one who loves the other has fulfilled the law. The commandments (do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not covet) are summed up in the single word: love your neighbor as yourself (Lev 19:18), the fulfillment of the law in its totality. The urgency of the eschatological hour infuses the chapter: salvation is nearer to us now than when we first believed; the night is almost gone, the day is near, and therefore the Christian must put off the works of darkness and put on the armor of light, put on the Lord Jesus Christ and make no provision for the flesh—a realized eschatology where the already of Christ's coming and the not-yet of the final consummation create the tension within which ethics must be lived.

Romans 13:1

Let everyone be subject to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God. — Hypotassō (subject, arrange under) exousias (authorities) reflects a political theology: all exousia (authority, delegated power) derives from God's hyperochē (preeminence). This is not naive endorsement but theological principle—even pagan Rome's authority is theologically situated. The diarchy (church and state) is not coequal but God ordains both.

Romans 13:2

Consequently, whoever rebels against the authority is rebelling against what God has instituted, and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves. — Antitassō (resist, set against) the exousia is implicitly antitassō God. This does not mean authorities are righteous or infallible—Paul acknowledges they bear the sword (v. 4)—but that resistance to legitimate authority is rebellion against God's order. The judgment (krima) is self-inflicted through the social consequences of resistance.

Romans 13:3

For rulers hold no terror for those who do right, but for those who do wrong. Do you want to be free from fear of the one in authority? Then do what is right and you will be commended. — The logic is pragmatic: the magistrate (archontes) is en phobō (in/for fear) not for agathos (good, right) but for kakos (evil, wrong). This suggests that if Christians obey laws and do good, they avoid conflict with authorities. The commendation (epainos, praise) from authority follows moral conduct.

Romans 13:4

For the one in authority is God's servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for rulers do not bear the sword for no reason. They are God's servants, agents of wrath to bring punishment on the wrongdoer. — The magistrate is hyperetes (servant, minister, literally under-rower) and leitourgos (public servant, minister). The diakoneia (service) is eis to agathon soi (for your good), suggesting protective function. The machaira (sword) is not ornamental but executional—authority bears coercive power for ekdikēsis (justice, vengeance, retribution). Org (wrath) is God's righteous judgment administered through human instruments.

Romans 13:5

Therefore, it is necessary to submit to the authorities, not only because of possible punishment but also as a matter of conscience. — Anankē (necessity, compulsion) to hypotassō (submit) operates on two levels: fear of timōria (punishment, penalty) and syneidēsis (conscience, inner knowing). The second motivation is higher—obedience rooted in conviction rather than mere coercion. Conscience acknowledges the authority's theological grounding.

Romans 13:6

This is also why you pay taxes, for the authorities are God's servants, who give their full time to governing. — Telos (tax, toll, revenue) payment to the leitourgoi (public ministers, servants) who proskartereō (persist in, devote themselves to) tēi leitourgiai (the public service) is obedience rendered. Taxes fund the protective and judicial functions of government. This is not tribute to an alien power but support for God's ordained servants.

Romans 13:7

Give to everyone what you owe them: If you owe taxes, pay taxes; if revenue, then revenue; if respect, then respect; if honor, then honor. — Apodidōmi (give back, repay) dues (opheilemata) establishes reciprocity: financial obligations (telos, tax; agora, customs) and relational ones (phobos, fear/respect; timē, honor). The word fear (phobos) here likely means respect rather than terror. Honor (timē) acknowledges authority's divinely-ordained position.

Romans 13:8

Let no debt remain outstanding, except for the continuing debt to love one another, for whoever loves others has fulfilled the law. — Opheilē (debt, obligation) should be discharged except agapē (love), which is perpetual (teleioō, complete, fulfill). This transition moves from civic obligation to the core commandment. Love of neighbor (heteroi, others) fulfills the entire nomoi (law), pointing toward Matthew 22:37-40's synthesis.

Romans 13:9

The commandments, "You shall not commit adultery," "You shall not murder," "You shall not steal," "You shall not covet," and whatever other command there may be, are summed up in this one command: "Love your neighbor as yourself." — The enumeration of prohibitions (from Exodus 20:13-17) against moicheuō (adultery), phoneuo (murder), klepto (steal), epithumeō (covet) all collapse into the positive command of Leviticus 19:18 to agapē (love) your plēsion (neighbor) hōs seauton (as yourself). The law's negative boundaries are contained within love's positive orientation.

Romans 13:10

Love does not harm its neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law. — Agapē (love) ouk ergaetai (does not work, accomplish) to kakos (evil, harm) toward the neighbor. Plērōma (fullness, fulfillment, completion) of nomos (law) is agapē—not in the sense of abolishing law but consuming it, directing all its commandments toward love. Love is the law's telos (goal, end, purpose).

Romans 13:11

And do this, understanding the present time. The hour has already come for you to wake up from your slumber, for our salvation is nearer now than when we first believed. — Kairos (the critical moment) calls for knowledge (oida, knowing). Hypnos (sleep) metaphorically describes spiritual lethargy in anticipation of the eschaton. Sōtēria (salvation) is nearer (enguteron) now than when you pisteuō (believed first)—not the initial salvation but the consummate salvation at Christ's return. Time urgency justifies the ethical exhortations.

Romans 13:12

The night is nearly over; the day is almost here. So let us put aside the deeds of darkness and put on the armor of light. — Nux (night) is progressing (prokoptō, advance, wear forward) toward hēmera (day). This apocalyptic imagery (Isaiah 59:17) suggests the night of the present age (aion) is near its end, and Christ's parousia (coming) dawns. Erga (deeds, works) of darkness (skotia) are removed (apotithēmi); hopla (weapons, armor) of light (phōs) are worn (enduō). Light represents truth, moral purity, divine order.

Romans 13:13

Let us behave decently, as in the daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and debauchery, not in dissension and jealousy. — Euprosōpōs (decently, as in daylight) contrasts with the darkness vice list: komos (carousing, reveling), methē (drunkenness), koitē (sexual immorality, literally bedding), aselgeia (debauchery, licentiousness), eris (quarreling, discord), zēlos (jealousy, zealousness turned envious). These are not isolated acts but patterns of behavior at odds with approaching daylight.

Romans 13:14

Rather, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and do not think about how to gratify the desires of the flesh. — Endyō (clothe, put on) Kyrios Iēsous Christos suggests Jesus is the believer's identity-garment, the eschatological covering. The flesh (sarx) in Paul typically means the self-centered, impulse-driven nature (not the body itself). Pronoia (forethought, planning) for sarx (flesh) desires is explicitly forbidden—the mind must be reoriented toward Christ, not concupiscence (desires). This returns to 12:2's renewal of mind.