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Romans 13

Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God.

Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment.

For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval,

for he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.

Therefore one must be in subjection, not only to avoid God’s wrath but also for the sake of conscience.

For because of this you also pay taxes, for the authorities are ministers of God, attending to this very thing.

Pay to all what is owed to them: taxes to whom taxes are owed, revenue to whom revenue is owed, respect to whom respect is owed, honor to whom honor is owed.

Owe no one anything, except to love each other, for the one who loves another has fulfilled the law.

For the commandments, “You shall not commit adultery, You shall not murder, You shall not steal, You shall not covet,” and any other commandment, are summed up in this word: “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.”

Love does no wrong to a neighbor; therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.

Besides this you know the time, that the hour has come for you to wake from sleep. For salvation is nearer to us now than when we first believed.

The night is far gone; the day is at hand. So then let us cast off the works of darkness and put on the armor of light.

Let us walk properly as in the daytime, not in orgies and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and sensuality, not in quarreling and jealousy.

But put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh, to gratify its desires.

Scripture quotations marked “ESV” are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), © 2001 by Crossway. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

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Romans 13

The Christian is called to submit to the governing authorities, for no authority exists except by God's ordination, and those that exist have been instituted by God—the ruler is God's servant for good, the bearer of the sword who carries out God's wrath upon the evildoer. Paul establishes the legitimacy of civil authority yet grounds it in divine delegation, implying both obedience and accountability to a higher norm. Taxes must be paid, tribute rendered, honor and respect given to whom they are due; yet the debt of love transcends all human obligations—owe nothing except to love one another, for the one who loves the other has fulfilled the law. The commandments (do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not covet) are summed up in the single word: love your neighbor as yourself (Lev 19:18), the fulfillment of the law in its totality. The urgency of the eschatological hour infuses the chapter: salvation is nearer to us now than when we first believed; the night is almost gone, the day is near, and therefore the Christian must put off the works of darkness and put on the armor of light, put on the Lord Jesus Christ and make no provision for the flesh—a realized eschatology where the already of Christ's coming and the not-yet of the final consummation create the tension within which ethics must be lived.

Romans 13:1

Let everyone be subject to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God. — Hypotassō (subject, arrange under) exousias (authorities) reflects a political theology: all exousia (authority, delegated power) derives from God's hyperochē (preeminence). This is not naive endorsement but theological principle—even pagan Rome's authority is theologically situated. The diarchy (church and state) is not coequal but God ordains both.

Romans 13:2

Consequently, whoever rebels against the authority is rebelling against what God has instituted, and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves. — Antitassō (resist, set against) the exousia is implicitly antitassō God. This does not mean authorities are righteous or infallible—Paul acknowledges they bear the sword (v. 4)—but that resistance to legitimate authority is rebellion against God's order. The judgment (krima) is self-inflicted through the social consequences of resistance.

Romans 13:3

For rulers hold no terror for those who do right, but for those who do wrong. Do you want to be free from fear of the one in authority? Then do what is right and you will be commended. — The logic is pragmatic: the magistrate (archontes) is en phobō (in/for fear) not for agathos (good, right) but for kakos (evil, wrong). This suggests that if Christians obey laws and do good, they avoid conflict with authorities. The commendation (epainos, praise) from authority follows moral conduct.

Romans 13:4

For the one in authority is God's servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for rulers do not bear the sword for no reason. They are God's servants, agents of wrath to bring punishment on the wrongdoer. — The magistrate is hyperetes (servant, minister, literally under-rower) and leitourgos (public servant, minister). The diakoneia (service) is eis to agathon soi (for your good), suggesting protective function. The machaira (sword) is not ornamental but executional—authority bears coercive power for ekdikēsis (justice, vengeance, retribution). Org (wrath) is God's righteous judgment administered through human instruments.

Romans 13:5

Therefore, it is necessary to submit to the authorities, not only because of possible punishment but also as a matter of conscience. — Anankē (necessity, compulsion) to hypotassō (submit) operates on two levels: fear of timōria (punishment, penalty) and syneidēsis (conscience, inner knowing). The second motivation is higher—obedience rooted in conviction rather than mere coercion. Conscience acknowledges the authority's theological grounding.

Romans 13:6

This is also why you pay taxes, for the authorities are God's servants, who give their full time to governing. — Telos (tax, toll, revenue) payment to the leitourgoi (public ministers, servants) who proskartereō (persist in, devote themselves to) tēi leitourgiai (the public service) is obedience rendered. Taxes fund the protective and judicial functions of government. This is not tribute to an alien power but support for God's ordained servants.

Romans 13:7

Give to everyone what you owe them: If you owe taxes, pay taxes; if revenue, then revenue; if respect, then respect; if honor, then honor. — Apodidōmi (give back, repay) dues (opheilemata) establishes reciprocity: financial obligations (telos, tax; agora, customs) and relational ones (phobos, fear/respect; timē, honor). The word fear (phobos) here likely means respect rather than terror. Honor (timē) acknowledges authority's divinely-ordained position.

Romans 13:8

Let no debt remain outstanding, except for the continuing debt to love one another, for whoever loves others has fulfilled the law. — Opheilē (debt, obligation) should be discharged except agapē (love), which is perpetual (teleioō, complete, fulfill). This transition moves from civic obligation to the core commandment. Love of neighbor (heteroi, others) fulfills the entire nomoi (law), pointing toward Matthew 22:37-40's synthesis.

Romans 13:9

The commandments, "You shall not commit adultery," "You shall not murder," "You shall not steal," "You shall not covet," and whatever other command there may be, are summed up in this one command: "Love your neighbor as yourself." — The enumeration of prohibitions (from Exodus 20:13-17) against moicheuō (adultery), phoneuo (murder), klepto (steal), epithumeō (covet) all collapse into the positive command of Leviticus 19:18 to agapē (love) your plēsion (neighbor) hōs seauton (as yourself). The law's negative boundaries are contained within love's positive orientation.

Romans 13:10

Love does not harm its neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law. — Agapē (love) ouk ergaetai (does not work, accomplish) to kakos (evil, harm) toward the neighbor. Plērōma (fullness, fulfillment, completion) of nomos (law) is agapē—not in the sense of abolishing law but consuming it, directing all its commandments toward love. Love is the law's telos (goal, end, purpose).

Romans 13:11

And do this, understanding the present time. The hour has already come for you to wake up from your slumber, for our salvation is nearer now than when we first believed. — Kairos (the critical moment) calls for knowledge (oida, knowing). Hypnos (sleep) metaphorically describes spiritual lethargy in anticipation of the eschaton. Sōtēria (salvation) is nearer (enguteron) now than when you pisteuō (believed first)—not the initial salvation but the consummate salvation at Christ's return. Time urgency justifies the ethical exhortations.

Romans 13:12

The night is nearly over; the day is almost here. So let us put aside the deeds of darkness and put on the armor of light. — Nux (night) is progressing (prokoptō, advance, wear forward) toward hēmera (day). This apocalyptic imagery (Isaiah 59:17) suggests the night of the present age (aion) is near its end, and Christ's parousia (coming) dawns. Erga (deeds, works) of darkness (skotia) are removed (apotithēmi); hopla (weapons, armor) of light (phōs) are worn (enduō). Light represents truth, moral purity, divine order.

Romans 13:13

Let us behave decently, as in the daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and debauchery, not in dissension and jealousy. — Euprosōpōs (decently, as in daylight) contrasts with the darkness vice list: komos (carousing, reveling), methē (drunkenness), koitē (sexual immorality, literally bedding), aselgeia (debauchery, licentiousness), eris (quarreling, discord), zēlos (jealousy, zealousness turned envious). These are not isolated acts but patterns of behavior at odds with approaching daylight.

Romans 13:14

Rather, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and do not think about how to gratify the desires of the flesh. — Endyō (clothe, put on) Kyrios Iēsous Christos suggests Jesus is the believer's identity-garment, the eschatological covering. The flesh (sarx) in Paul typically means the self-centered, impulse-driven nature (not the body itself). Pronoia (forethought, planning) for sarx (flesh) desires is explicitly forbidden—the mind must be reoriented toward Christ, not concupiscence (desires). This returns to 12:2's renewal of mind.