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Numbers 18

1

And the Lord said unto Aaron, Thou and thy sons and thy father’s house with thee shall bear the iniquity of the sanctuary: and thou and thy sons with thee shall bear the iniquity of your priesthood.

2

And thy brethren also of the tribe of Levi, the tribe of thy father, bring thou with thee, that they may be joined unto thee, and minister unto thee: but thou and thy sons with thee shall minister before the tabernacle of witness.

3

And they shall keep thy charge, and the charge of all the tabernacle: only they shall not come nigh the vessels of the sanctuary and the altar, that neither they, nor ye also, die.

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4

And they shall be joined unto thee, and keep the charge of the tabernacle of the congregation, for all the service of the tabernacle: and a stranger shall not come nigh unto you.

5

And ye shall keep the charge of the sanctuary, and the charge of the altar: that there be no wrath any more upon the children of Israel.

6

And I, behold, I have taken your brethren the Levites from among the children of Israel: to you they are given as a gift for the Lord, to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation.

7

Therefore thou and thy sons with thee shall keep your priest’s office for every thing of the altar, and within the vail; and ye shall serve: I have given your priest’s office unto you as a service of gift: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death.

8

And the Lord spake unto Aaron, Behold, I also have given thee the charge of mine heave offerings of all the hallowed things of the children of Israel; unto thee have I given them by reason of the anointing, and to thy sons, by an ordinance for ever.

9

This shall be thine of the most holy things, reserved from the fire: every oblation of theirs, every meat offering of theirs, and every sin offering of theirs, and every trespass offering of theirs, which they shall render unto me, shall be most holy for thee and for thy sons.

10

In the most holy place shalt thou eat it; every male shall eat it: it shall be holy unto thee.

11

And this is thine; the heave offering of their gift, with all the wave offerings of the children of Israel: I have given them unto thee, and to thy sons and to thy daughters with thee, by a statute for ever: every one that is clean in thy house shall eat of it.

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12

All the best of the oil, and all the best of the wine, and of the wheat, the firstfruits of them which they shall offer unto the Lord, them have I given thee.

13

And whatsoever is first ripe in the land, which they shall bring unto the Lord, shall be thine; every one that is clean in thine house shall eat of it.

14

Every thing devoted in Israel shall be thine.

15

Every thing that openeth the matrix in all flesh, which they bring unto the Lord, whether it be of men or beasts, shall be thine: nevertheless the firstborn of man shalt thou surely redeem, and the firstling of unclean beasts shalt thou redeem.

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16

And those that are to be redeemed from a month old shalt thou redeem, according to thine estimation, for the money of five shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary, which is twenty gerahs.

17

But the firstling of a cow, or the firstling of a sheep, or the firstling of a goat, thou shalt not redeem; they are holy: thou shalt sprinkle their blood upon the altar, and shalt burn their fat for an offering made by fire, for a sweet savour unto the Lord.

18

And the flesh of them shall be thine, as the wave breast and as the right shoulder are thine.

19

All the heave offerings of the holy things, which the children of Israel offer unto the Lord, have I given thee, and thy sons and thy daughters with thee, by a statute for ever: it is a covenant of salt for ever before the Lord unto thee and to thy seed with thee.

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20

And the Lord spake unto Aaron, Thou shalt have no inheritance in their land, neither shalt thou have any part among them: I am thy part and thine inheritance among the children of Israel.

21

And, behold, I have given the children of Levi all the tenth in Israel for an inheritance, for their service which they serve, even the service of the tabernacle of the congregation.

22

Neither must the children of Israel henceforth come nigh the tabernacle of the congregation, lest they bear sin, and die.

23

But the Levites shall do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they shall bear their iniquity: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations, that among the children of Israel they have no inheritance.

24

But the tithes of the children of Israel, which they offer as an heave offering unto the Lord, I have given to the Levites to inherit: therefore I have said unto them, Among the children of Israel they shall have no inheritance.

25

And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,

26

Thus speak unto the Levites, and say unto them, When ye take of the children of Israel the tithes which I have given you from them for your inheritance, then ye shall offer up an heave offering of it for the Lord, even a tenth part of the tithe.

27

And this your heave offering shall be reckoned unto you, as though it were the corn of the threshingfloor, and as the fulness of the winepress.

28

Thus ye also shall offer an heave offering unto the Lord of all your tithes, which ye receive of the children of Israel; and ye shall give thereof the Lord’s heave offering to Aaron the priest.

29

Out of all your gifts ye shall offer every heave offering of the Lord, of all the best thereof, even the hallowed part thereof out of it.

30

Therefore thou shalt say unto them, When ye have heaved the best thereof from it, then it shall be counted unto the Levites as the increase of the threshingfloor, and as the increase of the winepress.

31

And ye shall eat it in every place, ye and your households: for it is your reward for your service in the tabernacle of the congregation.

32

And ye shall bear no sin by reason of it, when ye have heaved from it the best of it: neither shall ye pollute the holy things of the children of Israel, lest ye die.

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Numbers 18

The priests and Levites are explicitly granted the 'burden' and 'iniquity' of the sanctuary—'You and your sons alone shall bear the guilt connected with the sanctuary'—a theological paradox in which the sacred work is simultaneously privilege (access to holies, tithes, and offerings) and responsibility (bearing the people's covenant violations). The priests' maintenance of sanctuary iniquity (preserving the holiness of the sacred space against contamination through offerings and atonement) mirrors the Levites' parallel responsibility for the tabernacle's physical structure, creating a division of labor in which both priestly and Levitical service are essential to the sanctuary's functioning. The Levites receive tithes from all Israel as their inheritance—'everything that is devoted to the LORD'—in compensation for the fact that they are not allotted tribal land, a striking provision that makes the tithe a form of covenant payment rather than a voluntary gift or tax. The Levites then give 'a tithe of the tithe' to Aaron, establishing a redistribution mechanism in which Israel's primary tithe flows to the Levites, and a portion of that flows to Aaron, creating concentric circles of sacred obligation and dependency. The revenue system grounded in Numbers 18 will sustain Israel's priesthood and Levitical class throughout the monarchy period and into the Second Temple era, making this chapter economically determinative for Israel's cultic structure. The chapter's emphasis on iniquity (avon), guilt (asham), and atonement (kapar) transforms the priesthood into a remedial vocation; the priest does not represent the people's virtue but manages their transgression, bearing the weight of covenant violation in order to preserve the sanctuary's holiness. Numbers 18's concluding affirmation—'I give to you whatever is set apart from the holy gifts of the Israelites'—establishes priestly sustenance as a divine provision, not a human negotiation, grounding the priesthood's economic security in the covenant itself.

Numbers 18:4

They are to join you and be responsible for the care of the tent of meeting — all the work at the tent — and no one else may come near where you are

Numbers 18:5

You are to be responsible for the offenses against the sanctuary and the offenses against the altar, so that wrath will not fall on the Israelites again

Numbers 18:1

The LORD said to Aaron, 'You, your sons and your father's house are responsible for the offenses connected with the sanctuary; and you and your sons alone are responsible for offenses connected with the priesthood

Numbers 18:2

Bring your fellow Levites from your ancestral tribe to join you and assist you when you and your sons minister before the tent of the covenant law

Numbers 18:3

They are to be responsible to you and are responsible for all the work at the tent of meeting. But they must not go near the furnishings of the sanctuary or the altar, or both they and you will die' — the Levites' responsibility encompasses the tent's maintenance while prohibition bars them from the sanctuary's interior and the altar itself; the boundary is absolute ('both they and you will die'), extending liability to the priests if Levites breach the restriction.

Numbers 18:6

I myself have selected your fellow Levites from among the Israelites as a gift to you, dedicated to the LORD to do the work at the tent of meeting' — God Himself grants the Levites to Aaron as a 'matanah—a gift; the Levites are 'dedicated to the LORD' (netunim), set apart for sacred service. The gift-relationship establishes God as the provider of priestly helpers.

Numbers 18:7

But only you and your sons may serve as priests in connection with everything at the altar and inside the curtain. I am giving you the service of the priesthood as a gift. Anyone else who comes near the sanctuary must be put to death

Numbers 18:8

Then the LORD said to Aaron, 'I myself have put you in charge of the offerings presented to me; all the holy offerings the Israelites bring to me I have given to them to you and your sons as your designated share

Numbers 18:9

You are to have the part of the most holy offerings that is not burned in the fire. From all the gifts they bring me as most holy offerings, whether grain or sin or guilt offerings, that part belongs to you and your sons

Numbers 18:10

Eat them as something most holy. Every male shall eat them. You must regard them as holy

Numbers 18:11

This also is yours: whatever is set aside from the gifts of all the wave offerings of the Israelites. I give this to you and your sons and daughters as your perpetual share. Everyone in your household who is ceremonially clean may eat it

Numbers 18:12

I give you all the finest olive oil and all the finest new wine and grain they give to the LORD, the firstfruits that they present to the LORD' — the firstfruits (bikkurim) and finest portions of harvested goods become priestly property; oil, wine, and grain (the staple agricultural products) constitute the priest's material support from the land's abundance.

Numbers 18:13

All the land's firstfruits that they bring to the LORD will be yours. Everyone in your household who is ceremonially clean may eat them

Numbers 18:14

Everything in Israel that is devoted to the LORD is yours

Numbers 18:15

The first offspring of every womb, both human and animal, that is offered to the LORD is yours. But you must redeem every firstborn son and every firstborn male of unclean animals

Numbers 18:16

When they are a month old, you must redeem them at the redemption price set at five shekels of silver, according to the sanctuary shekel, which weighs twenty gerahs

Numbers 18:17

But you must not redeem the firstborn of an ox, a sheep or a goat; they are holy. Splash their blood on the altar as an offering made by fire, an aroma pleasing to the LORD

Numbers 18:18

Their meat is to be yours, just as the breast of the wave offering and the right thigh are yours

Numbers 18:19

Whatever is set aside from the holy offerings the Israelites present to the LORD I give to you and your sons and daughters as your perpetual share. It is an everlasting covenant of salt between you and the LORD for you and your offspring

Numbers 18:20

The LORD said to Aaron, 'You will have no inheritance in their land, nor will you have any share among them; I am your share and your very great reward

Numbers 18:21

I give to the Levites all the tithes in Israel as their inheritance in return for the work they do while serving at the tent of meeting' — the Levites' inheritance (rather than a land-portion) consists of the tithes ('ma'aser) that Israel brings; tithing compensates the Levites for their service at the tent of meeting.

Numbers 18:22

From now on the Israelites must not go near the tent of meeting, or they will bear the consequence of their sin and will die' — the boundary between Levites and lay Israelites is absolute: no non-Levite may approach the tent of meeting. The law protects both the sancta and the people from holiness-related death.

Numbers 18:23

It is the Levites who are to do the work at the tent of meeting and bear the responsibility for offenses against it. This is a lasting ordinance for the generations to come. They will receive no inheritance among the Israelites

Numbers 18:24

Instead, I give to the Levites as their inheritance the tithes that the Israelites present as an offering to the LORD. That is why I said concerning them: 'They will have no inheritance among the Israelites'

Numbers 18:25

The LORD said to Moses, 'Speak to the Levites and say to them: When you receive from the Israelites the tithe I give you as your inheritance, you must present a tenth of that tithe as the LORD's offering

Numbers 18:26

Say to them: When you present the best part of the tithe, it will be reckoned to you as grain from the threshing floor or juice from the wine press

Numbers 18:27

You and your households may eat the rest of it anywhere, for it is your wages for your work at the tent of meeting

Numbers 18:28

And so you will not incur sin when you present the best part of the tithe. But you must not profane the holy offerings of the Israelites, or you will die' — the requirement to tithe from the tithes prevents sin-incurrence; failure to set aside God's portion would profane (chalal) the sacred offerings, triggering death. The warning emphasizes that even the Levites cannot treat holy things casually.

Numbers 18:29

This is the offering you are to present as the LORD's portion: give a tenth of every tithe you receive from the Israelites

Numbers 18:30

Say to them: Once you have presented the best part of the tithe to the LORD, the rest will be reckoned to you Levites as produce of the threshing floor or of the wine press

Numbers 18:31

You and your households may eat all of it, and it is your wages for your work at the tent of meeting

Numbers 18:32

You will not incur sin when you eat it, as long as you present the best part of it. But you must not profane the holy offerings of the Israelites, or you will die' — the warning repeats from verse 28: proper presentation of the tithe of the tithe prevents sin-incurrence; failure results in death. The repetition emphasizes the seriousness of the tithe-obligation, even within the priestly system itself.