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Joshua 10

1

Now it came to pass, when Adoni–zedek king of Jerusalem had heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them;

2

That they feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, as one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and all the men thereof were mighty.

3

Wherefore Adoni–zedek king of Jerusalem sent unto Hoham king of Hebron, and unto Piram king of Jarmuth, and unto Japhia king of Lachish, and unto Debir king of Eglon, saying,

4

Come up unto me, and help me, that we may smite Gibeon: for it hath made peace with Joshua and with the children of Israel.

5

Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, they and all their hosts, and encamped before Gibeon, and made war against it.

6

And the men of Gibeon sent unto Joshua to the camp to Gilgal, saying, Slack not thy hand from thy servants; come up to us quickly, and save us, and help us: for all the kings of the Amorites that dwell in the mountains are gathered together against us.

7

So Joshua ascended from Gilgal, he, and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valour.

8

And the Lord said unto Joshua, Fear them not: for I have delivered them into thine hand; there shall not a man of them stand before thee.

9

Joshua therefore came unto them suddenly, and went up from Gilgal all night.

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10

And the Lord discomfited them before Israel, and slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon, and chased them along the way that goeth up to Beth–horon, and smote them to Azekah, and unto Makkedah.

11

And it came to pass, as they fled from before Israel, and were in the going down to Beth–horon, that the Lord cast down great stones from heaven upon them unto Azekah, and they died: they were more which died with hailstones than they whom the children of Israel slew with the sword.

12

Then spake Joshua to the Lord in the day when the Lord delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon.

13

And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day.

14

And there was no day like that before it or after it, that the Lord hearkened unto the voice of a man: for the Lord fought for Israel.

15

And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal.

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16

But these five kings fled, and hid themselves in a cave at Makkedah.

17

And it was told Joshua, saying, The five kings are found hid in a cave at Makkedah.

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18

And Joshua said, Roll great stones upon the mouth of the cave, and set men by it for to keep them:

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And stay ye not, but pursue after your enemies, and smite the hindmost of them; suffer them not to enter into their cities: for the Lord your God hath delivered them into your hand.

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20

And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they were consumed, that the rest which remained of them entered into fenced cities.

21

And all the people returned to the camp to Joshua at Makkedah in peace: none moved his tongue against any of the children of Israel.

22

Then said Joshua, Open the mouth of the cave, and bring out those five kings unto me out of the cave.

23

And they did so, and brought forth those five kings unto him out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon.

24

And it came to pass, when they brought out those kings unto Joshua, that Joshua called for all the men of Israel, and said unto the captains of the men of war which went with him, Come near, put your feet upon the necks of these kings. And they came near, and put their feet upon the necks of them.

25

And Joshua said unto them, Fear not, nor be dismayed, be strong and of good courage: for thus shall the Lord do to all your enemies against whom ye fight.

26

And afterward Joshua smote them, and slew them, and hanged them on five trees: and they were hanging upon the trees until the evening.

27

And it came to pass at the time of the going down of the sun, that Joshua commanded, and they took them down off the trees, and cast them into the cave wherein they had been hid, and laid great stones in the cave’s mouth, which remain until this very day.

28

And that day Joshua took Makkedah, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof he utterly destroyed, them, and all the souls that were therein; he let none remain: and he did to the king of Makkedah as he did unto the king of Jericho.

29

Then Joshua passed from Makkedah, and all Israel with him, unto Libnah, and fought against Libnah:

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And the Lord delivered it also, and the king thereof, into the hand of Israel; and he smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein; he let none remain in it; but did unto the king thereof as he did unto the king of Jericho.

31

And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto Lachish, and encamped against it, and fought against it:

32

And the Lord delivered Lachish into the hand of Israel, which took it on the second day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein, according to all that he had done to Libnah.

33

Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining.

34

And from Lachish Joshua passed unto Eglon, and all Israel with him; and they encamped against it, and fought against it:

35

And they took it on that day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein he utterly destroyed that day, according to all that he had done to Lachish.

36

And Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, unto Hebron; and they fought against it:

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And they took it, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof, and all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining, according to all that he had done to Eglon; but destroyed it utterly, and all the souls that were therein.

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And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to Debir; and fought against it:

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And he took it, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof; and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and utterly destroyed all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining: as he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir, and to the king thereof; as he had done also to Libnah, and to her king.

40

So Joshua smote all the country of the hills, and of the south, and of the vale, and of the springs, and all their kings: he left none remaining, but utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the Lord God of Israel commanded.

41

And Joshua smote them from Kadesh–barnea even unto Gaza, and all the country of Goshen, even unto Gibeon.

42

And all these kings and their land did Joshua take at one time, because the Lord God of Israel fought for Israel.

43

And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal.

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Joshua 10

The coalition of five Amorite kings against Gibeon triggers Joshua's swift defense and the miraculous standing still of the sun (10:13, from the 'Book of Jasher'), dramatizing the LORD's direct intervention in Israel's battles and the subordination of nature itself to covenant purposes. Joshua's command to the sun ('Do not move') parallels divine speech, suggesting his authority as YHWH's agent, while the hailstones that kill more enemies than the sword emphasize that the conquest is the LORD's deed. The chapter consolidates Israel's control of the south and includes the execution of the five kings and the cursing of their bodies (10:26-27), demonstrating the totality of the victory and the elimination of human resistance to Israelite settlement. The theological import: the land is secured not through Israelite military genius but through covenantal partnership with the LORD, who fights for those faithful to the covenant.

Joshua 10:1

Adoni-zedek hears of Israel's treaties — Adoni-zedek, king of Jerusalem, heard how Joshua had taken Ai and had devoted it to destruction (כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה אֶת־יְרִיחוֹ וְאֶת־מְלַכָּהּ)—doing to Ai and its king as he had done to Jericho. He hears also of the treaty with Gibeon (וַיִּשְׁמְרוּ־לִגִּבְעוֹן בְרִית) and how Gibeon made peace with Israel. Adoni-zedek's ('my lord is righteous') name is ironic—his righteousness will be tested in covenant-breaking. The southern coalition forms in response to Gibeon's defection from Canaanite unity.

Joshua 10:2

Fear grips the southern kings — Adoni-zedek and his allies greatly feared (כִּי־יָרְאוּ מְאֹד) because Gibeon was a great city, like one of the royal cities (אַחַת עָרֵי־הַמְּלָכוֹת), and all its men were mighty. Gibeon's size and strength make its defection particularly threatening—it represents not merely a military loss but a breach in the Canaanite alliance system. The fear of Israel grows contagious among the Canaanite powers as covenant-based diplomacy proves more effective than military confederation.

Joshua 10:3

Five kings march against Gibeon — Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem sent to Hoham king of Hebron, to Piram king of Jarmuth, to Japhia king of Lachish, and to Debir king of Eglon, saying... The five cities—Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon—form a cluster of power in the southern highlands. Each king is named, individualizing them as leaders aware of the covenant threat Gibeon's defection represents. The coalition mobilizes against one of its own former allies.

Joshua 10:4

The appeal to united action — Come up to me and help me, and let us strike Gibeon; for it has made peace with Joshua and with the people of Israel. The phrase 'come up to me' (עֲלוּ־אֵלַי) invokes the vassal's duty of military aid. Adoni-zedek frames Gibeon's treaty with Joshua as betrayal, calling for a punitive expedition. The kings see Joshua and Israel as the real enemy but recognize that Gibeon's defection has fractured Canaanite resistance.

Joshua 10:5

The kings mobilize — The five kings of the Amorites—the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon—gathered their forces (וַיִּשְׁמְרוּ) and went up with all their armies (וַיַּחֲנוּ עַל־גִּבְעוֹן) and camped against Gibeon and made war against it. The mobilization of five kings and their armies represents the largest coordinated Canaanite response since the initial encounter. Yet their campaign against Gibeon will trigger Israel's intervention and lead to the routing of all five forces.

Joshua 10:6

Gibeon calls for rescue — The men of Gibeon sent to Joshua at the camp in Gilgal, saying, Do not withdraw your hand from your servants; come up to us quickly and save us and help us. Gibeon's appeal (שְׁלַח־יָדְךָ, 'do not withdraw your hand') invokes the covenant made in chapter 9 and appeals to Joshua's obligation as covenant partner. The word 'servants' ('avadim) recalls their assigned status; now they invoke it as grounds for help. Their urgency ('quickly,' מְהֵרָה) reflects the siege's gravity.

Joshua 10:7

Joshua responds with the night march — Joshua ascended from Gilgal, he and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valor (גִּבּוֹרֵי הַחַיִל). Joshua's response is immediate and total—he brings all his warriors without hesitation. The march from Gilgal to Gibeon is described as an ascent, both literal (Gilgal is lower, near Jordan; Gibeon is in the hills) and theological (Joshua moves upward toward the siege). His decisive action vindicates the covenant made at Gibeon despite its deceptive origins.

Joshua 10:8

The LORD promises victory — The LORD said to Joshua, Do not fear them; for I have given them into your hand; not a man of them shall stand before you. The divine assurance ('al tirah, אַל־תִּירָא) echoes promises made before every major battle. The phrase 'I have given them into your hand' (נְתַתִּים בְּיָדְךָ, perfect tense, indicating the victory as already accomplished in the divine will) frames the coming battle as the execution of a predetermined outcome. Fear is unnecessary because the battle's issue is determined.

Joshua 10:9

Joshua's night march — Joshua came upon them suddenly (בַּפִּתְאוֹם), having marched all night from Gilgal. The surprise attack breaks the siege on Gibeon and catches the five kings and their armies unprepared. Joshua's military strategy—speed, night march, sudden assault—complements the divine promise; he acts with vigor even as trusting the LORD. The night march demonstrates that faith in God's promise does not eliminate the necessity of military excellence.

Joshua 10:10

The rout at Gibeon — The LORD threw them into a panic (הִמְּמָם יְהוָה) before Israel, and he struck them with a great slaughter at Gibeon (הִכָּם שָׁם הַכָּה גְדוֹלָה). The 'panic' (hummam, confusion or panic-stricken flight) is attributed directly to the LORD—they are 'thrown' into disarray by divine action. Joshua then pursues them and inflicts a great slaughter (makka gedola, a mighty blow). The victory begins with divine action and is executed by Israel's military force.

Joshua 10:11

The hailstorm — As they fled before Israel, down the descent of Beth-horon, the LORD cast down great stones from heaven on them as far as Azekah, and they died. The 'great stones from heaven' (אַבְנֵי־בָרָד, literally hailstones) become instruments of divine wrath—more Canaanites die from the hail than from the sword. The descent of Beth-horon is a strategic geographic bottleneck; as the armies flee downward, they are exposed to the hailstorm. The supernatural element emphasizes the LORD's direct participation in the victory.

Joshua 10:12

Joshua's prayer for extended daylight — On the day when the LORD gave the Amorites over to the Israelites, Joshua spoke to the LORD in the sight of all Israel, and he said, 'Sun (שֶׁמֶשׁ), stand still over Gibeon; and Moon, stand still over the Valley of Aijalon.' This is perhaps the most remarkable prayer in Scripture. Joshua addresses the heavenly bodies directly, commanding them in the sight of Israel and in the LORD's presence. The poetic parallelism of sun and moon, Gibeon and Aijalon (on opposite sides of the valley), suggests a comprehensive stopping of the celestial rotation.

Joshua 10:13

The sun stood still — The sun stood still (דּוֹם, literally 'was silent' or 'ceased from motion'), and the moon stayed, until the nation took vengeance on their enemies (עַד־יִנְקוֹם־הַגּוֹי מֵאֹיְבָיו). The text emphasizes that the solar stillness persists 'until the nation took vengeance'—the extension of daylight serves Israel's military purpose, allowing complete victory before darkness. The verb 'dom' suggests not merely a slowing but an absolute cessation of movement. This miracle is the most extraordinary divine intervention in the conquest, beyond even the Jericho walls.

Joshua 10:14

The uniqueness of the miracle — Is this not written in the Book of Jashar? 'So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven and did not hasten to set for about a whole day.' The citation from the Book of Jashar (sefer hayashar, סֵפֶר הַיָּשָׁר, the 'Book of the Upright') confirms that this extraordinary event was recorded in Israel's ancient literature. The phrase 'about a whole day' qualifies the miracle—it is not a perpetual reversal of the solar cycle but a temporary suspension lasting approximately one full day-night cycle. The miracle is theologically grounded in Israel's need for time to secure total victory.

Joshua 10:15

The return to Gilgal — Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to the camp at Gilgal. After the slaughter at Gibeon and the pursuit through Beth-horon, Joshua and his army return to their base camp. The return marks the conclusion of this phase of victory. The southern campaign is not yet complete, but the five-king coalition has been shattered, clearing the way for systematic conquest of the southern cities.

Joshua 10:16

The five kings hide in the cave at Makkedah — Now the five kings fled and hid themselves in the cave at Makkedah. The kings, having been routed in open battle, retreat to the cave (מְעָרָה, a natural stronghold) at Makkedah. Their flight from the field represents total military collapse; they abandon their armies and seek personal refuge. The cave becomes both their hiding place and their tomb—Joshua will discover them there and execute a judgment that will echo through Israel's victory.

Joshua 10:17

The discovery of the cave — Joshua was told, 'The five kings have been found, hidden in the cave at Makkedah.' Word is brought to Joshua that the fugitive kings have been located. The discovery is presented as information ('it was told to Joshua'), suggesting that someone—perhaps a scout or local informant—revealed their hiding place. The cave that seemed a sanctuary becomes a trap.

Joshua 10:18

Joshua's command — Joshua said, 'Roll large stones against the mouth of the cave, and set men by it to guard them.' Rather than immediately executing the kings, Joshua seals the cave (דֶּלֶת, the 'door' or mouth of the cave) with large stones and posts guards. This delay serves military strategy—the pursuit of remaining forces continues while the kings are contained. Joshua's measured response prevents their escape while maintaining the momentum of conquest.

Joshua 10:19

The pursuit continues — 'Do not stop; pursue your enemies and fall upon their rear. Do not let them enter their cities, for the LORD your God has given them into your hand.' Joshua commands the army to continue the pursuit rather than pause for the kings' execution. The phrase 'fall upon their rear' (וְהִכּוּ אֶת־קִצָּם, 'strike their rearguard') suggests an ongoing chase. Joshua subordinates the satisfaction of capturing the kings to the larger goal of complete military victory. The confidence 'the LORD your God has given them into your hand' assures the soldiers that victory is assured.

Joshua 10:20

The victory consolidated — When Joshua and the men of Israel had finished striking them with a very great slaughter (הַכָּה גְדוֹלָה עַד־כַּלּוֹתָם), they went into the fortified cities. The great slaughter (makka gedola) produces casualties so severe that the fleeing armies are effectively destroyed. The survivors withdraw to fortified cities rather than stand in open field. Joshua's army, having destroyed the field armies, can now systematically besiege the cities.

Joshua 10:21

The army returns safely — All the people returned to the camp, to Joshua at Makkedah, in peace (בְשָׁלוֹם); none of the children of Israel lost a tongue (לֹא־חָרַץ לְשׁוֹנוֹ אִישׁ מִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל). The phrase 'lost a tongue' is cryptic—it may mean 'none dared speak against Joshua' or 'none uttered a complaint' (tongue as the instrument of opposition). The return to Makkedah 'in peace' (shalom) indicates no casualties and no discord within the ranks. Joshua's leadership and the LORD's victory have unified and preserved Israel.

Joshua 10:22

The kings are brought from the cave — Joshua said, 'Open the mouth of the cave and bring those five kings out to me from the cave.' The cave is unsealed and the kings are extracted. The imperative 'bring them out to me' (הוֹצִיאוּ־אֵלַי) is peremptory and judicial—the kings are being summoned for judgment. Joshua's authority, enhanced by the morning's victories, is absolute over the defeated rulers.

Joshua 10:23

The kings brought before Joshua — They brought those five kings out to him from the cave: the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon. The repeated naming of the five kings emphasizes their individual importance and the comprehensiveness of their defeat. Each king is identified by his city, making clear that Joshua is not merely dealing with scattered leaders but with the heads of the southern coalition.

Joshua 10:24

Joshua summons the commanders — When they brought these kings out to Joshua, Joshua summoned all the men of Israel and said to the commanders of the men of war who had gone with him, 'Come near, put your feet on the necks of these kings.' The act of treading on the necks of the kings (וַיָּשִׂימוּ אֶת־רַגְלֵיהֶם עַל־צַוְּארֵיהֶם) is a gesture of absolute domination and humiliation—the commander's feet literally press down on the king's neck. This public spectacle demonstrates to all Israel that the southern kings, who seemed mighty in their confederation, are utterly defeated and subject to Israel.

Joshua 10:25

Joshua's exhortation — Joshua said to them, 'Do not be afraid or dismayed; be strong and courageous (חִזְקוּ וְאִמְצוּ), for thus the LORD will do to all your enemies against whom you fight.' Joshua's command invokes the same exhortation given to him by the LORD (cf. Joshua 1:6-9). He interprets the humiliation of the kings as a prophetic sign (thus the LORD will do) of victory over all enemies. The sight of defeated kings reinforces Israel's courage and the certainty of eventual triumph.

Joshua 10:26

The kings are executed — Joshua struck them down and put them to death, and he hung them on five trees (תַּלָה אוֹתָם עַל־חָמֵשׁ עֵצִים). The execution is swift and decisive. The hanging of the kings on trees—a practice known from Mesopotamian sources and mentioned in law codes—displays them as a public testimony to defeat. In Israel's law, hanging after execution is a form of humiliating a criminal's corpse (cf. Deuteronomy 21:22-23). The five trees correspond to the five kings and the five cities.

Joshua 10:27

The kings buried at Makkedah — They remained hanging on the trees until evening. At sunset, Joshua commanded, and they took them down from the trees and threw them into the cave where they had hidden themselves, and they set large stones against the mouth of the cave, which remain to this very day. The bodies are taken down before nightfall (observing the law in Deuteronomy 21) and cast into the very cave that had sheltered them. The sealing of the cave—with the kings inside—becomes a permanent monument to defeat. The phrase 'to this very day' (עַד־הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה) suggests that the sealed cave remains visible in the composition time of Joshua, a physical testimony to the victory.

Joshua 10:28

Makkedah conquered — Joshua took Makkedah on that day and struck it with the edge of the sword, and its king; he devoted it to destruction (וַיַּחֲרֵם), him, and every person in it. He left no survivors (לֹא־הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד). After the execution of the five kings, Joshua immediately besieges Makkedah, implements the ban (herem), and slaughters the entire population. The rapid conquest demonstrates that the destruction of the kings' army and the execution of the kings themselves shatters the will to resist. Makkedah, scene of the hiding and execution, becomes the pattern for subsequent southern conquests.

Joshua 10:29

Libnah conquered — Then Joshua and all Israel with him passed on from Makkedah to Libnah, and fought against Libnah. Libnah is the next major city south of Makkedah. The progress is rapid—Joshua moves systematically from city to city, building on the momentum of the five-king coalition's destruction. Each conquest is presented briefly, emphasizing the thoroughness and speed of the campaign.

Joshua 10:30

Libnah's king defeated — The LORD gave it also, and its king, into the hand of Israel; and he struck it with the edge of the sword, and every person in it, according to all that he had done to Makkedah. Libnah receives the same treatment as Makkedah—the ban is implemented and the city is utterly destroyed. The formula 'The LORD gave it also into the hand of Israel' (וַיִּתְּנָהּ יְהוָה) emphasizes the divine element in each conquest. The repetition 'according to all that he had done to Makkedah' indicates standardized thoroughness in the implementation of the ban.

Joshua 10:31

Lachish besieged — Then Joshua and all Israel with him passed on from Libnah to Lachish, and laid siege to it and attacked it. Lachish was one of the five cities in the original coalition against Gibeon. Joshua moves northward in the southern campaign. The siege (צָר עָלֶיהָ) indicates that Lachish puts up resistance, requiring siege warfare rather than immediate assault.

Joshua 10:32

Lachish conquered — The LORD gave Lachish into the hand of Israel, and he took it on the second day and struck it with the edge of the sword, and every person in it, according to all that he had done to Libnah. The conquest takes two days—longer than Makkedah and Libnah—indicating genuine resistance. Yet the outcome is the same: the ban is fully implemented. The phrase 'on the second day' suggests a brief siege, successful by the second dawn assault.

Joshua 10:33

Horam defeated — When Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish, Joshua struck him and his people until he left him no survivors (לֹא־הִשְׁאִיר לוֹ שָׂרִיד). Horam's attempt to relieve Lachish results in his own destruction. The narrative shows that isolated resistance to Joshua's army proves futile. Gezer, located in the Shephelah between the highlands and the coast, sends its king in aid of besieged Lachish, but the relief force is annihilated.

Joshua 10:34

Eglon besieged and conquered — Then Joshua and all Israel with him passed on from Lachish to Eglon; and they laid siege to it and attacked it on that same day and took it. Eglon, another of the original five coalition cities, is conquered on the same day as the siege begins. The rapid conquest suggests weakened resistance or the psychological impact of the chain of defeats. Joshua's momentum is unstoppable.

Joshua 10:35

Eglon destroyed — They struck it with the edge of the sword and every person in it that day (בַיּוֹם הַהוּא), according to all that he had done to Lachish. The formula is repeated: complete destruction of the city and all its inhabitants. The phrase 'that day' (bayom hahu) emphasizes the speed and decisiveness. The southern campaign accelerates as the chain of victories dispirits Canaanite resistance.

Joshua 10:36

Hebron besieged and conquered — Then Joshua and all Israel with him went up from Eglon to Hebron; and they fought against it and took it and struck it with the edge of the sword and its king and all its cities and every person in it. Hebron, one of the five original kings' cities and a major Canaanite stronghold, is conquered. The phrase 'all its cities' indicates that Hebron controlled a network of subsidiary settlements, all of which are subjected to the ban.

Joshua 10:37

Hebron and its dependent towns destroyed — They left no survivors (הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד), according to the devotion to destruction (כַּחֲרֵם) as he had done to Eglon. Joshua destroyed it and every person in it. Hebron, home to the mighty Anakim (cf. Numbers 13), is completely destroyed. The phrase 'according to the devotion to destruction' reinforces the theological character of the conquest—it is not mere military victory but the implementation of the divine ban.

Joshua 10:38

The northward sweep concludes — Then Joshua turned back, and all Israel with him, to Debir and fought against it. From Hebron, Joshua turns northeastward to Debir, the last of the five coalition cities. The arc of conquest has swept through all five cities that initially confederated against Gibeon. Joshua's systematic approach eliminates organized Canaanite resistance in the south.

Joshua 10:39

Debir conquered — He took it, and its king, and all its cities; and they struck them with the edge of the sword and utterly destroyed every person in it (וַיַּחֲרֵם אֶת־כָּל־נַפְשׁוֹ לֹא־הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד). Debir, the last holdout, is subjugated with the same totality as the others. The repetition of 'every person' (kol-nafsho) emphasizes the completeness of the ban. Joshua's campaign through Debir concludes the destruction of the five-king coalition.

Joshua 10:40

Summary of the southern conquest — So Joshua struck the whole land, the hill country, the Negeb, the Shephelah, and the mountain slopes (וַיַּכְשׁ יְהוֹשׁוַע אֶת־כָּל־הָאָרֶץ הָהָר וְהַנֶּגֶב וְהַשְׁפֵלָה וְהַאֲשֵׁדוֹת), with all their kings; he left no survivors, but utterly destroyed all that breathed. The comprehensive summary indicates that Joshua's campaign has swept through all geographic regions of the south. The ban is total—nothing that breathes escapes. This verse frames the destruction not as military conquest but as a theological execution of the divine mandate.

Joshua 10:41

The full extent of conquest — As the LORD God of Israel had commanded (כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל). Joshua struck from Kadesh-barnea to Gaza, and all the country of Goshen as far as Gibeon. The geographic extent—from Kadesh-barnea in the far south to Gaza on the coast, and the country of Goshen (the region south of Jerusalem)—encompasses the entire southern territory. The phrase 'as the LORD God of Israel had commanded' attributes the campaign's total success to obedience to the divine mandate given to Moses.

Joshua 10:42

The reason for swift victory — Joshua took all these kings and their lands at one time (בְפַעַם אַחַת), because the LORD God of Israel fought for Israel. The 'one time' (bepaam achat, literally 'in one time') emphasizes the rapidity and coordination of the campaign. The LORD's direct participation—'fought for Israel' (נִלְחַם יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְיִשְׂרָאֵל)—is the theological explanation for swift military success. Human military prowess, guided by faith and obedience, executes the LORD's purposes.

Joshua 10:43

Return to Gilgal — Then Joshua returned with all Israel to the camp at Gilgal. The southern campaign concludes with Joshua's return to Gilgal, the base camp and the place where the Gibeon covenant was initially sworn. The cycle is complete: from Gilgal to rescue Gibeon, through the five-king coalition's destruction, to the systematic conquest of the southern territories. Joshua's return to Gilgal signals readiness for the next phase of conquest—the northern campaign.