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Job 11

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Then answered Zophar the Naamathite, and said,

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Should not the multitude of words be answered? and should a man full of talk be justified?

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Should thy lies make men hold their peace? and when thou mockest, shall no man make thee ashamed?

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For thou hast said, My doctrine is pure, and I am clean in thine eyes.

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But oh that God would speak, and open his lips against thee;

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And that he would shew thee the secrets of wisdom, that they are double to that which is! Know therefore that God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth.

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Canst thou by searching find out God? canst thou find out the Almighty unto perfection?

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It is as high as heaven; what canst thou do? deeper than hell; what canst thou know?

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The measure thereof is longer than the earth, and broader than the sea.

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If he cut off, and shut up, or gather together, then who can hinder him?

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For he knoweth vain men: he seeth wickedness also; will he not then consider it?

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For vain man would be wise, though man be born like a wild ass’s colt.

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If thou prepare thine heart, and stretch out thine hands toward him;

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If iniquity be in thine hand, put it far away, and let not wickedness dwell in thy tabernacles.

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For then shalt thou lift up thy face without spot; yea, thou shalt be stedfast, and shalt not fear:

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Because thou shalt forget thy misery, and remember it as waters that pass away:

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And thine age shall be clearer than the noonday; thou shalt shine forth, thou shalt be as the morning.

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And thou shalt be secure, because there is hope; yea, thou shalt dig about thee, and thou shalt take thy rest in safety.

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Also thou shalt lie down, and none shall make thee afraid; yea, many shall make suit unto thee.

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But the eyes of the wicked shall fail, and they shall not escape, and their hope shall be as the giving up of the ghost.

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Job 11

Zophar, the third friend, breaks his silence and speaks with greater harshness than his predecessors, suggesting that Job's words are multiplying and asking who will silence him, implying that Job's complaints and protests are excessive and offensive. Zophar asserts that God is far above human understanding and that God's justice is perfect even if hidden from human perception, and he suggests that Job should recognize the limits of his understanding and submit to the mystery of divine action. He counsels Job that if he will return to God with a pure heart, God will restore him and give him confidence, but he implies that Job's refusal to accept the friends' theology reveals spiritual pride and rebellion. Zophar's approach is the most directly confrontational of the three friends, treating Job's suffering and his response to it as moral failures rather than as circumstances requiring compassion. The theological framework Zophar presents is essentially fideist: human understanding cannot grasp divine justice, therefore one must simply trust that all divine action is correct regardless of how it appears. This chapter reveals the limitations of apophatic theology when wielded against the suffering: while it is true that God transcends human understanding, the assertion of this truth becomes a silencing mechanism when it is used to prevent questions and to demand uncritical acceptance of suffering.

Job 11:1

Zophar the Naamathite enters the dialogue, responding to Job with indignation, suggesting that Job's speech has gone too far. Zophar's immediate criticism reveals him as the harshest of the three friends, less patient with Job's lament than either Eliphaz or Bildad. His response suggests that he views Job's extensive complaint as deserving sharp rebuttal.

Job 11:2

Zophar asserts that should a multitude of words go unanswered and should a man full of talk be justified, criticizing Job's extensive speech as inappropriate. The implied answer is that such a man should not be justified; his verbosity does not constitute wisdom. Zophar's criticism of Job's speech suggests that he views lament itself as a form of rebellion.

Job 11:3

Zophar questions whether Job's boasts would silence others and whether he should mock without response, suggesting that Job's claims to innocence amount to boasting and mocking of divine justice. The charge of mockery escalates the rhetoric: Job is not merely complaining but is actively deriding God. The question implies that Zophar intends to provide that response.

Job 11:4

Zophar notes that Job says his teaching is pure and that he is clean in God's eyes, attributing claims of moral innocence to Job. Zophar's citation of Job's claimed innocence sets up his refutation. The assertion that Job claims to be clean becomes the target of Zophar's harshest critique.

Job 11:5

Zophar wishes that God would speak and would open his lips against Job, expressing his desire that God would respond to Job's claims with direct rebuttal. The wish for divine speech suggests that God's silence is inexplicable given the provocations Job has offered. Zophar assumes that if God spoke, God would defend God's justice against Job's implicit accusations.

Job 11:6

Zophar asserts that God would tell Job that God exacts of him less than his guilt deserves, suggesting that Job deserves far more punishment than he is currently receiving. The assertion becomes the crux of Zophar's position: Job's suffering is actually lenient compared to what divine justice would demand. Rather than being a victim of injustice, Job is the recipient of undeserved mercy.

Job 11:7

Zophar questions whether Job can find out the deep things of God or whether he can find out the limit of the Almighty, expressing the view that divine purposes are beyond human comprehension. The rhetorical questions expect negative answers, establishing that humans cannot understand God's ways. The implication is that Job should stop trying to understand and instead submit.

Job 11:8

Zophar asserts that divine heights are higher than heaven and the depths are deeper than Sheol, using cosmic imagery to express the infinity and incomprehensibility of God. The spatial imagery suggests that God transcends all dimensions of creation. Human attempts to comprehend divine purposes are as futile as measuring the heavens or the depths of the underworld.

Job 11:9

Zophar notes that the measure of divine understanding is longer than the earth and broader than the sea, extending the cosmic imagery to suggest the immensity of divine knowledge. The earth and sea, which seemed infinite to ancient peoples, are dwarfed by the measure of God's understanding. The comparison establishes the vast disproportion between human and divine knowledge.

Job 11:10

Zophar asserts that if God passes through and imprisons and assembles for judgment, who can hinder him? articulating the view that divine action is irresistible and unarguable. The rhetorical question expects no answer: no one can oppose God or challenge God's judgment. The theme of divine irresistibility has been developed across the dialogue.

Job 11:11

Zophar notes that God knows the worthless and sees iniquity without searching, suggesting that divine perception is so comprehensive that nothing escapes notice. The knowledge of human worthlessness and the perception of iniquity establish God's moral judgment as unerring. No hidden transgression can escape divine detection.

Job 11:12

Zophar asserts that a stupid man will become wise when a wild ass is born tame, using the proverbial impossibility to express the conviction that Job cannot become wise and understand. The comparison of Job to a man who will never become wise and the wild ass that will never be tamed establishes the hopelessness of Job's position. Zophar seems to suggest that Job is incorrigible.

Job 11:13

Zophar exhorts Job to prepare his heart and stretch out his hands to God, suggesting that Job should prepare himself for repentance and divine reconciliation. The image of preparing the heart and stretching hands toward God represents the posture of devotion and submission. The exhortation assumes that if Job would humble himself, restoration would follow.

Job 11:14

Zophar encourages Job to put away the iniquity in his hand and not let wrongdoing dwell in his tent, urging him to purge himself of moral transgression. The image of iniquity in the hand suggests its active practice; the wrongdoing dwelling in the tent suggests its habitual nature. Zophar assumes that moral purification is the precondition for restoration.

Job 11:15

Zophar promises that then Job could lift his face without spot and be steadfast without fear, suggesting that moral purification would result in the recovery of self-respect and confidence. The promise of lifting the face represents the restoration of dignity. The recovery of courage suggests the dissipation of the fear that has characterized Job's existence.

Job 11:16

Zophar promises that Job would forget his trouble and would remember it as waters that have passed away, suggesting that suffering would be left behind like a flood that has receded. The image of waters passing away represents the temporary and transient character of suffering. The promise implies that once the moral reformation occurs, suffering will be forgotten.

Job 11:17

Zophar promises that Job's days would be brighter than noonday and that darkness would become like the morning, suggesting the transformation of despair into hope and brightness. The image of light breaking through darkness represents the reversal of the current condition. The promise becomes increasingly vivid and appealing.

Job 11:18

Zophar promises that Job would have confidence because there is hope and would look round and lie down in safety, suggesting the restoration of peace and security. The promise of lying down safely evokes the security of the bedchamber, one of humanity's basic needs. The return of confidence represents the psychological and spiritual restoration.

Job 11:19

Zophar promises that Job would lie down and none would make him afraid and that many would entreat his favor, suggesting the restoration of social standing and respect. The loss of fear and the entreaty of others represent the transformation of Job's isolation into integration within a community. The promise of favor suggests the restoration of honor.

Job 11:20

Zophar concludes by asserting that the eyes of the wicked will fail and that their refuge will be lost and their hope, the giving up of the ghost, suggesting the ultimate destruction of the wicked. The failure of the eyes and the loss of refuge emphasize the complete undoing of the wicked. The conclusion of Zophar's speech returns to the threat that if Job does not repent, such will be his fate.