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Isaiah 19

An oracle concerning Egypt. Behold, the LORD is riding on a swift cloud and comes to Egypt; and the idols of Egypt will tremble at his presence, and the heart of the Egyptians will melt within them.

And I will stir up Egyptians against Egyptians, and they will fight, each against another and each against his neighbor, city against city, kingdom against kingdom;

and the spirit of the Egyptians within them will be emptied out, and I will confound their counsel; and they will inquire of the idols and the sorcerers, and the mediums and the necromancers;

and I will give over the Egyptians into the hand of a hard master, and a fierce king will rule over them, declares the Lord GOD of hosts.

And the waters of the sea will be dried up, and the river will be dry and parched,

and its canals will become foul, and the branches of Egypt’s Nile will diminish and dry up, reeds and rushes will rot away.

There will be bare places by the Nile, on the brink of the Nile, and all that is sown by the Nile will be parched, will be driven away, and will be no more.

The fishermen will mourn and lament, all who cast a hook in the Nile; and they will languish who spread nets on the water.

The workers in combed flax will be in despair, and the weavers of white cotton.

Those who are the pillars of the land will be crushed, and all who work for pay will be grieved.

The princes of Zoan are utterly foolish; the wisest counselors of Pharaoh give stupid counsel. How can you say to Pharaoh, “I am a son of the wise, a son of ancient kings”?

Where then are your wise men? Let them tell you that they might know what the LORD of hosts has purposed against Egypt.

The princes of Zoan have become fools, and the princes of Memphis are deluded; those who are the cornerstones of her tribes have made Egypt stagger.

The LORD has mingled within her a spirit of confusion, and they will make Egypt stagger in all its deeds, as a drunken man staggers in his vomit.

And there will be nothing for Egypt that head or tail, palm branch or reed, may do.

In that day the Egyptians will be like women, and tremble with fear before the hand that the LORD of hosts shakes over them.

And the land of Judah will become a terror to the Egyptians. Everyone to whom it is mentioned will fear because of the purpose that the LORD of hosts has purposed against them.

In that day there will be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak the language of Canaan and swear allegiance to the LORD of hosts. One of these will be called the City of Destruction.

In that day there will be an altar to the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar to the LORD at its border.

It will be a sign and a witness to the LORD of hosts in the land of Egypt. When they cry to the LORD because of oppressors, he will send them a savior and defender, and deliver them.

And the LORD will make himself known to the Egyptians, and the Egyptians will know the LORD in that day and worship with sacrifice and offering, and they will make vows to the LORD and perform them.

And the LORD will strike Egypt, striking and healing, and they will return to the LORD, and he will listen to their pleas for mercy and heal them.

In that day there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria, and Assyria will come into Egypt, and Egypt into Assyria, and the Egyptians will worship with the Assyrians.

In that day Israel will be the third with Egypt and Assyria, a blessing in the midst of the earth,

whom the LORD of hosts has blessed, saying, “Blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel my inheritance.”

Scripture quotations marked “ESV” are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), © 2001 by Crossway. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

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Isaiah 19

Isaiah's extended prophecy concerning Egypt depicts a nation torn by internal strife, drought, and the collapse of the agricultural and social systems on which its prosperity depends. The oracle begins with visions of civil war and chaos within Egypt, indicating that judgment will come through the erosion of internal unity and stability. The imagery of the drying of the Nile, the ultimate source of Egypt's prosperity, emphasizes that divine judgment can remove the material basis of a nation's existence and security. The prophecy includes the promise that the Egyptians will be delivered into the hand of a harsh master, suggesting conquest or domination by foreign power as part of God's judgment. Yet remarkably, the oracle shifts toward a vision of universal blessing where Egypt will call upon the Lord and be healed, and where the road will be open between Egypt and Assyria. The promise that Egypt, Assyria, and Israel will be a blessing in the midst of the earth, with the three nations united in worship of the Lord, constitutes one of Isaiah's most universal and cosmic visions. The passage establishes that judgment is not ultimate but preparatory for a future age of healing and reconciliation where former enemies will be united in worship. The vision of three nations, historically rivals and oppressors, becoming together a blessing indicates that the ultimate goal of history is not the domination of any single power but the harmony of all peoples under the sovereignty of God. Isaiah 19 demonstrates that the prophet's vision extends beyond the restoration of Israel to embrace the salvation of all nations and the healing of ancient enmities.

Isaiah 19:25

Whom the LORD of hosts shall bless, saying, Blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel mine inheritance—the blessing pronounced upon all three nations (Egypt, Assyria, Israel), with each having a distinct relationship to God (people, work of hands, inheritance). The identification of all three as God's possess suggests universal redemption. This verse concludes the oracle with the promise of universal blessing and incorporation into God's family.

Isaiah 19:14

The LORD hath mingled a perverse spirit in the midst thereof; and they have caused Egypt to err in every work thereof, as a drunken man staggereth in his vomit—the divine infusion of confusion and perversity into the Egyptian leadership, resulting in universal error and degradation. The comparison to a drunken man suggests complete disorientation. This verse indicates that God actively corrupts human judgment.

Isaiah 19:15

Neither shall there be any work for Egypt, which the head or tail, branch or rush, may do—the comprehensive inability to accomplish any productive work, affecting all segments of society (head and tail, branch and rush). The paralysis of all industry suggests total economic collapse. This verse indicates the complete cessation of normal productive activity.

Isaiah 19:16

In that day shall Egypt be like unto women; and it shall be afraid and fear because of the shaking of the hand of the LORD of hosts, which he shaketh over it—the emasculation of Egypt through fear, with the people becoming like women in their timidity. The shaking of God's hand over Egypt establishes divine action as the source of the terror. This verse indicates the psychological and spiritual effects of judgment.

Isaiah 19:17

And the land of Judah shall be a terror unto Egypt, every one that maketh mention of it shall be afraid because of the counsel of the LORD of hosts, which he hath determined against Egypt—the reversal of the typical power dynamic, with small Judah becoming a terror to mighty Egypt through God's plan. The mention of Judah strikes fear in Egypt, suggesting the power of God's word. This verse indicates the vindication of God's people.

Isaiah 19:18

In that day shall five cities in the land of Egypt speak the language of Canaan, and swear by the LORD of hosts; one shall be called, The city of destruction—the establishment of Hebrew language and faith in Egyptian cities, suggesting the Egyptianization of Egyptians or their incorporation into the covenant people. The identification of one city as 'destruction' may refer to a city renamed or may indicate ironic redemption. This verse indicates the spread of monotheistic faith to Egypt.

Isaiah 19:19

In that day shall there be an altar to the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar at the border thereof to the LORD—the establishment of worship of the LORD in Egypt, with both altar and pillar serving as testimonies to divine worship. The public nature of the altar and pillar suggests that Egyptian monotheism becomes institutionalized. This verse indicates the establishment of worship of the LORD in Egypt.

Isaiah 19:20

And it shall be for a sign and for a witness unto the LORD of hosts in the land of Egypt; for they shall cry unto the LORD because of the oppressors, and he shall send them a saviour, and a great one, and he shall deliver them—the promise that the altar and pillar become a sign of God's presence and a witness to His power, with the oppressed crying to the LORD for deliverance. The sending of a saviour suggests God's ongoing covenant care. This verse indicates that the oppressed will find deliverance through faith in the LORD.

Isaiah 19:21

And the LORD shall be known to Egypt, and the Egyptians shall know the LORD in that day, and shall do sacrifice and oblation; yea, they shall vow a vow unto the LORD, and perform it—the conversion of Egypt to the worship of the true God, with covenant commitment and sacrificial worship. The knowledge of the LORD and vow-making suggest full covenant incorporation. This verse indicates the incorporation of Egypt into God's covenant people.

Isaiah 19:22

And the LORD shall smite Egypt; he shall smite and heal it; and they shall return even to the LORD, and he shall be intreated of them, and shall heal them—the pattern of judgment and healing, with the striking of Egypt designed to lead to repentance and healing. The return to the LORD and God's responsiveness to their prayers suggest that judgment serves redemptive purposes. This verse emphasizes the redemptive character of judgment.

Isaiah 19:23

In that day shall there be a highway from Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria, and the Egyptians shall serve with the Assyrians—the establishment of peaceful commerce and movement between Egypt and Assyria, with the roadway and mutual visitation indicating normalized relations. The serving together suggests shared submission to God. This verse indicates the establishment of peace between former enemies.

Isaiah 19:24

In that day shall Israel be the third with Egypt and with Assyria, even a blessing in the midst of the earth—the elevation of Israel to a position of prominence, with Israel and the two great powers (Egypt and Assyria) united in worship and serving God. The third position may suggest equality or may indicate Israel's role as mediator. This verse indicates the restoration of Israel to a central role.

Isaiah 19:12

Where are they? where are thy wise men? and let them tell thee now, and let them know what the LORD of hosts hath purposed against Egypt—the rhetorical challenge to the Egyptian wise men to explain or prevent God's judgment, with the implicit answer that they cannot. The challenge emphasizes human helplessness before divine purpose. This verse indicates the complete failure of human wisdom to oppose God.

Isaiah 19:13

The princes of Zoan are become fools, the princes of Noph are deceived; they have also seduced Egypt, even they that are the stay of the tribes thereof—the particular condemnation of the princes of Egyptian cities for their deception of the people. The identification as the stay (support) of the tribes suggests they have claimed a stabilizing role while actually misleading the people. This verse identifies false leadership as a cause of national deception.

Isaiah 19:2

And I will set the Egyptians against the Egyptians; and they shall fight every one against his brother, and every one against his neighbour; city against city, and kingdom against kingdom—the judgment consisting of internal civil war and social collapse, with Egyptians fighting each other. The escalation from individual to city to kingdom level suggests comprehensive disintegration. This verse describes internal conflict as the instrument of judgment.

Isaiah 19:3

And the spirit of Egypt shall fail in the midst of it; and I will destroy the counsel thereof; and they shall seek to the idols, and to the charmers, and to them that have familiar spirits, and to the wizards—the breakdown of Egyptian wisdom and leadership, with the people turning to false spiritual resources (idolatry and divination). The seeking of counsel from demons and wizards suggests desperation and spiritual confusion. This verse indicates that judgment includes the failure of human wisdom.

Isaiah 19:4

And the Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel lord; and a fierce king shall rule over them, saith the LORD, the LORD of hosts—the promise that Egypt will be subjected to harsh rule, identifying God as the one orchestrating this subjugation. The cruelty of the coming ruler suggests severity of judgment. This verse indicates that foreign subjugation will characterize the judgment.

Isaiah 19:5

And the waters shall fail from the sea, and the river shall be wasted and dried up—the drying up of the Nile River, which is the lifeblood of Egyptian civilization. The failure of water suggests the loss of agricultural sustenance. This verse uses the failure of water as a symbol of Egypt's ruin.

Isaiah 19:6

And they shall turn the rivers far away; and the brooks of defence shall be emptied and dried up; the reeds and flags shall wither—the continuation of the drying up of Egyptian waters, with human attempts to redirect water proving futile. The withering of reeds suggests the loss of vegetation and habitability. This verse emphasizes the comprehensive drying of water sources.

Isaiah 19:7

The paper reeds by the brooks, by the mouth of the brooks, and every thing sown by the brooks, shall wither, be driven away, and be no more—the destruction of vegetation and crops that depend on water sources. The loss of crops suggests famine. This verse indicates the agricultural collapse following the water failure.

Isaiah 19:8

The fishers also shall mourn, and all they that cast angle into the brooks shall lament, and they that spread nets upon the waters shall languish—the economic collapse of fishing, which would have been a major industry in Egypt. The universal mourning of those dependent on fishing suggests economic catastrophe. This verse indicates the collapse of economic life.

Isaiah 19:9

Moreover they that work in fine flax, and they that weave networks, shall be confounded—the collapse of the textile industry, dependent on the cultivation of flax. The confusion of the workers suggests economic disruption. This verse indicates the collapse of manufacturing industries.

Isaiah 19:10

And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices and ponds for fish—the destruction of irrigation infrastructure designed to manage water for agriculture and fisheries. The breaking of human purposes suggests the futility of human effort against divine judgment. This verse indicates the collapse of agricultural infrastructure.

Isaiah 19:11

Surely the princes of Zoan are fools; the counsel of the wise counsellers of Pharaoh is become brutish; how say ye unto Pharaoh, I am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings—the condemnation of Egyptian wisdom and the pretensions of the rulers and wise men. The suggestion that the counsel has become brutish indicates the failure of human wisdom. This verse diagnoses the intellectual and spiritual corruption of Egypt's leadership.

Isaiah 19:1

The burden of Egypt. Behold, the LORD rideth upon a swift cloud, and shall come into Egypt; and the idols of Egypt shall be moved at his presence, and the heart of Egypt shall melt in the midst of it—the opening of the oracle against Egypt, with God riding upon a cloud to intervene. The shaking of idols and the melting of hearts emphasize the terror inspired by divine presence. This verse begins the comprehensive oracle against Egypt.