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Acts 25

Now three days after Festus had arrived in the province, he went up to Jerusalem from Caesarea.

And the chief priests and the principal men of the Jews laid out their case against Paul, and they urged him,

asking as a favor against Paul that he summon him to Jerusalem—because they were planning an ambush to kill him on the way.

Festus replied that Paul was being kept at Caesarea and that he himself intended to go there shortly.

“So,” said he, “let the men of authority among you go down with me, and if there is anything wrong about the man, let them bring charges against him.”

After he stayed among them not more than eight or ten days, he went down to Caesarea. And the next day he took his seat on the tribunal and ordered Paul to be brought.

When he had arrived, the Jews who had come down from Jerusalem stood around him, bringing many and serious charges against him that they could not prove.

Paul argued in his defense, “Neither against the law of the Jews, nor against the temple, nor against Caesar have I committed any offense.”

But Festus, wishing to do the Jews a favor, said to Paul, “Do you wish to go up to Jerusalem and there be tried on these charges before me?”

But Paul said, “I am standing before Caesar’s tribunal, where I ought to be tried. To the Jews I have done no wrong, as you yourself know very well.

If then I am a wrongdoer and have committed anything for which I deserve to die, I do not seek to escape death. But if there is nothing to their charges against me, no one can give me up to them. I appeal to Caesar.”

Then Festus, when he had conferred with his council, answered, “To Caesar you have appealed; to Caesar you shall go.”

Now when some days had passed, Agrippa the king and Bernice arrived at Caesarea and greeted Festus.

And as they stayed there many days, Festus laid Paul’s case before the king, saying, “There is a man left prisoner by Felix,

and when I was at Jerusalem, the chief priests and the elders of the Jews laid out their case against him, asking for a sentence of condemnation against him.

I answered them that it was not the custom of the Romans to give up anyone before the accused met the accusers face to face and had opportunity to make his defense concerning the charge laid against him.

So when they came together here, I made no delay, but on the next day took my seat on the tribunal and ordered the man to be brought.

When the accusers stood up, they brought no charge in his case of such evils as I supposed.

Rather they had certain points of dispute with him about their own religion and about a certain Jesus, who was dead, but whom Paul asserted to be alive.

Being at a loss how to investigate these questions, I asked whether he wanted to go to Jerusalem and be tried there regarding them.

But when Paul had appealed to be kept in custody for the decision of the emperor, I ordered him to be held until I could send him to Caesar.”

Then Agrippa said to Festus, “I would like to hear the man myself.” “Tomorrow,” said he, “you will hear him.”

So on the next day Agrippa and Bernice came with great pomp, and they entered the audience hall with the military tribunes and the prominent men of the city. Then, at the command of Festus, Paul was brought in.

And Festus said, “King Agrippa and all who are present with us, you see this man about whom the whole Jewish people petitioned me, both in Jerusalem and here, shouting that he ought not to live any longer.

But I found that he had done nothing deserving death. And as he himself appealed to the emperor, I decided to go ahead and send him.

But I have nothing definite to write to my lord about him. Therefore I have brought him before you all, and especially before you, King Agrippa, so that, after we have examined him, I may have something to write.

For it seems to me unreasonable, in sending a prisoner, not to indicate the charges against him.”

Scripture quotations marked “ESV” are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), © 2001 by Crossway. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

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Acts 25

Festus's arrival in Caesarea as the new governor precipitates the Sanhedrin's renewed pressure for Paul's transfer to Jerusalem (where they plan to ambush and kill him), and Paul's appeal to Caesar—a Roman citizen's right that cannot be denied—removes the case from local jurisdiction and ensures the apostle's arrival at the imperial seat. Festus's perplexity about the charges—they do not hold the charges I have expected, but have to do with their own religion and about a certain Jesus who is dead, but Paul asserts to be alive—illustrates the Roman governor's bafflement at a religious controversy that seems divorced from criminal law. Agrippa and Bernice's arrival at Caesarea to greet Festus provides the occasion for Paul's defense before the king, and Festus's characterization of Paul as one whose accusers have not proven their case yet who has appealed to Caesar establishes the ambiguity that will continue until Paul's appearance before the imperial judgment.

Acts 25:1

Three days after arriving in the province, Festus went up from Caesarea to Jerusalem - Luke marks the beginning of Paul's final legal crisis with precise chronology. Festus inherits a political problem: the Jerusalem authorities demand Paul's transfer, expecting they can ambush and kill him en route. The new procurator must navigate between Roman law (which grants appellants protection) and Jewish pressure (which seeks vengeance). Festus's dilemma is structural: no charge has substance, yet Jewish honor demands satisfaction.

Acts 25:2

The chief priests and the Jewish leaders appeared before him and presented the charges against Paul - the Jerusalem power structure mobilizes immediately, understanding that a new governor might be more malleable. Their petition is not judicial argument but political leverage, appealing to Festus's desire to 'favor the Jews.' Luke shows how religious authority can become corrupted into machinery for persecution, even as it maintains the forms of law.

Acts 25:3

They urgently requested Festus, as a favor to them, to have Paul transferred to Jerusalem - for they were preparing an ambush to kill him along the way - Luke's aside reveals the murderous intent behind the formal request. The Greek desis (deesis, 'petition') carries the weight of urgent supplication, but it masks conspiracy. The 'way' (hodos, hodos) from Caesarea to Jerusalem becomes the stage for a planned assassination, making the legal process itself a cover for violence.

Acts 25:4

Festus answered that Paul was being kept at Caesarea, and he himself was going there soon - Festus shows immediate judicial independence, refusing the petition and asserting both his authority and Paul's legal protection. His response is measured and proper: he will handle the matter himself according to Roman procedure. Caesarea remains Paul's sanctuary, the seat of Roman power where the law, however imperfect, can provide shelter from lynch justice.

Acts 25:5

So he said, 'Let some of your leaders come with me and press charges against this man, if he has done something wrong.' - Festus invokes the proper forms: if there is substance to the charge, present it before the magistrate. His willingness to hear the case ('if...he has done something wrong') is conditional, not predetermined. The judicial process, though flawed, at least allows Paul to answer for himself in a public setting.

Acts 25:6

After spending eight or ten days with them, he went down to Caesarea, and the next day he convened the court and ordered that Paul be brought before him - Festus takes his time, meeting with the Jerusalem authorities, understanding their concerns, then returns to his seat of power. The eight or ten days suggest negotiation and deliberation; the 'next day' of the sitting shows businesslike procedure. Luke emphasizes that Paul is brought 'before him' (emprosthen autou) - publicly, where witnesses and law prevail.

Acts 25:7

When Paul appeared, the Jews who had come down from Jerusalem stood around him, bringing many serious charges against him, which they could not prove - the accusers 'stand around' (peristantes, peristantes) like wolves, leveling charges without evidence. The phrase 'which they could not prove' (hon ouk ischyon, hōn ouk ischyon-'which were not strong') is damning: their case collapses under scrutiny. Luke repeatedly establishes that Paul's guilt is a fiction maintained only by shouted accusation.

Acts 25:8

Then Paul made his defense: 'I have done nothing wrong against the law of the Jews or against the temple or against Caesar.' - Paul's apologia is threefold, denying violation of (1) Jewish law, (2) the temple, and (3) Caesar's majesty. His conciseness contrasts with the accusers' noise. By invoking loyalty to Caesar, Paul claims the legal framework itself; he is not the rebel-the Jews who incite mob violence are. Paul speaks in the language of Roman order, appealing to the very magistrate before whom he stands.

Acts 25:9

Festus, wishing to do the Jews a favor, said to Paul, 'Are you willing to go up to Jerusalem and stand trial before me there?' - Festus reveals his weakness: wanting (thelōn, thelōn) to 'do the Jews a favor' (charin epiginōnai, charin epiginōnai, 'to secure favor with'), he bends toward injustice. He offers to move the trial back to Jerusalem, where mob pressure could influence the verdict. The 'before me' is crucial-Festus would preside, but in the Jews' home territory, where his judgment could be compromised.

Acts 25:10

Paul answered: 'I am now standing before Caesar's court, where I ought to be tried. I have not done anything wrong to the Jews, as you yourself know very well.' - Paul refuses the bait, asserting his right to remain before a Roman magistrate (Festus sits as Caesar's representative). The phrase 'you yourself know very well' (sy kallion epiginōskeis, sy kallion epiginōskeis-'you well know') appeals to Festus's honesty and his own clear recognition that the charges are baseless.

Acts 25:11

'If, then, I am a wrongdoer and have done anything deserving death, I do not refuse to die. But if the charges brought against me by these Jews are not true, no one can hand me over to them. I appeal to Caesar!' - Paul's logic is airtight: guilty men may be punished; innocent men must not be surrendered to enemies. By appealing to Caesar (epikaleō, epikaleō-'I call upon'), Paul invokes his Roman citizen right to appeal the magistrate's decision to a higher authority. Luke's narrative arc reaches its turning point: Paul will go to Rome, as Jesus promised (23:11).

Acts 25:12

After Festus had conferred with his council, he replied, 'You have appealed to Caesar. To Caesar you will go!' - The formula 'You have appealed to Caesar. To Caesar you will go!' becomes the binding verdict. The appeal (epiklesis, epiklesis) is irrevocable; once invoked, it must be honored. Festus consults his council (symboulos, symboulos-his advisory board) to ensure legality, then pronounces the decision. The Greek structure gives the sentence an almost oracular quality: Paul's appeal creates the reality it names.

Acts 25:13

A few days later King Agrippa and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay their respects to Festus - King Agrippa II (great-grandson of Herod the Great) comes with his sister Bernice to greet the new procurator; their arrival marks a shift in the narrative. Luke notes their coming 'with great pomp' (meta pollēs phantasias, meta pollēs phantasias-'with great display'). These are the last human authorities Paul will face before Rome; their engagement prepares for the witness before Agrippa in chapter 26.

Acts 25:14

While they were there several days, Festus laid Paul's case before the king. He said: 'There is a man here whom Felix left as a prisoner.' - Festus, facing a politically awkward situation, seeks counsel from Agrippa, who has local authority and knowledge. The reference to Felix 'leaving' Paul as a prisoner (kateleipen desmios, kateleipen desmios) underscores Paul's long captivity. Festus admits he needs help understanding the case-a sign that despite his office, the matter exceeds simple judicial categories.

Acts 25:15

'When I went to Jerusalem, the chief priests and the elders of the Jews brought charges against him and asked that he be condemned.' - Festus recounts the Jerusalem request for condemnation, acknowledging it as a petition rather than proven guilt. His language ('brought charges and asked') shows the distinction between accusation and proof. By reporting this to Agrippa, Festus tacitly admits the case lacks the substance to warrant execution without higher authority's approval.

Acts 25:16

'I told them that it is not the Roman custom to hand over any man before he has faced his accusers and has had an opportunity to defend himself against their charges.' - Festus rehearses his correct refusal, grounding it in Roman legal principle: accusers and accused must meet; the accused has the right of defense (apologia, apologia). This principle, fundamental to Roman justice, becomes Paul's shield. Luke shows how Roman law, when properly applied, protects the innocent from mob injustice.

Acts 25:17

'When they came here, I did not delay the case, but convened the court the next day and ordered the man to be brought before me.' - Festus emphasizes his diligence: 'did not delay' (ouk epechrepsa, ouk epechrepsa-'I did not put it off') and scheduled the trial immediately. The quick action shows responsiveness to the accusers' pressure, though still within legal bounds. His pride in efficiency partly explains his earlier willingness to move the trial to Jerusalem-he wants to resolve the matter quickly.

Acts 25:18

'When the accusers got up to speak, they did not charge him with any of the crimes I had expected.' - Festus's confession reveals his surprise and insight: the charges he anticipated (crimes against the state, violence, sedition-'crimes I expected,' kategorian hēn hypenouon, kategorian hēn hypenouon) never materialized. Instead, the accusations are insubstantial, touching on religious disputes. This observation undermines the whole case and leaves Festus, as a Roman magistrate, puzzled about what to do.

Acts 25:19

'Rather, they had some points of dispute with him about their own religion and about a dead man named Jesus whom Paul claimed was alive.' - Festus's reduction of the case to 'some points of dispute' (tinas logous, tinas logous-'certain questions') about 'their own religion' shows how theological truth appears insignificant to Roman law. His phrase 'a dead man named Jesus whom Paul claimed was alive' (Iēsous tis tethnekōs, hon ephасken ho Paulos zēn, Iēsous tis tethnekōs, hon ephасken ho Paulos zēn) is dismissive, yet it states the core Christian claim: resurrection. To Festus, this is mere religious talk, not a legal matter.

Acts 25:20

'I was at a loss how to investigate such matters; so I asked if he was willing to go to Jerusalem and stand trial there on these charges.' - Festus's confession 'I was at a loss' (diaporeō, diaporeō-'I was perplexed') admits the limits of his jurisdiction and competence. Religious disputes exceed Roman magistrates' purview; hence his offer to move the trial to Jerusalem, where Jewish authorities could judge. His uncertainty, however, led him to bend toward injustice-the very weakness Paul had to overcome.

Acts 25:21

'But when Paul made his appeal to be held over for the decision of the Emperor, I ordered him held until I could send him to Caesar.' - Festus reports Paul's appeal and his compliance: once invoked, the appeal binds the magistrate. The order to 'hold' (tērein, tērein-'to keep, guard') Paul until the Emperor decides is both protective and binding. The appeal short-circuits local politics and locates the final decision in Rome's supreme authority. Luke marks this as the fulfillment of Jesus's promise (23:11): Paul will testify in Rome.

Acts 25:22

Then Agrippa said to Festus, 'I would like to hear this man myself.' Festus replied, 'Tomorrow you will hear him.' - Agrippa's request 'I would like to hear this man myself' (eboulomēn kai autos tou anthrōpou akousai, eboulomēn kai autos tou anthrōpou akousai) shows interest, even curiosity. His status as a Jew of rank may create sympathy or at least a desire to understand. Festus agrees readily ('Tomorrow you will hear'), suggesting he expects Agrippa's presence to validate his handling of the case. The stage is set for Paul's most triumphant apologia.

Acts 25:23

The next day Agrippa and Bernice came with great pomp and entered the place of hearing with the military tribunes and prominent men of the city. When Festus gave the order, Paul was brought in. - The scene is theatrical: Agrippa and Bernice arrive 'with great pomp' (meta pollēs phantasias, meta pollēs phantasias), 'tribunes and prominent men' (chiliarchoi kai andres hoi kat' exochēn tēs poleōs, chiliarchoi kai andres hoi kat' exochēn tēs poleōs) assemble-a gathering of power and authority. Paul is brought before this assembly, alone but undaunted. Luke's emphasis on the 'pomp' and numbers contrasts with Paul's solitary presence, yet his testimony will be the most powerful word spoken.

Acts 25:24

Festus said: 'King Agrippa, and all who are present with us, you see this man. The whole Jewish community has petitioned me about him in loud demands, asserting that he ought not to live any longer.' - Festus frames Paul as the object of universal Jewish condemnation: 'the whole Jewish community' (pan to plēthos tōn Ioudaiōn, pan to plēthos tōn Ioudaiōn) has 'petitioned' (entynchanō, entynchanō-'appealed to') him 'in loud demands' (boōn, boōn-'shouting'). Festus's language reveals the pressure: death is what 'they' demand. Yet his description of Paul's case to Agrippa will undermine this verdict.

Acts 25:25

'But I found he had done nothing deserving death. Since he has made his appeal to the Emperor, I have decided to send him to Rome.' - Festus states clearly: 'nothing deserving death' (ouden axion thanatou, ouden axion thanatou). This declaration-repeated throughout the final chapters-becomes a refrain of Paul's vindication by pagan authority. The appeal to the Emperor is not a sign of Paul's guilt but of Festus's inability to execute an innocent man without higher sanction.

Acts 25:26

'But I have nothing definite to write to the Emperor about him. Therefore I have brought him before all of you, and especially before you, King Agrippa, so that as a result of this investigation I may have something to write.' - Festus's honesty is striking: 'I have nothing definite to write' (ouden ti asphales, ouden ti asphales-'nothing firm/sure'). He needs Agrippa's help to construct a case for the Emperor. This appeal to Agrippa suggests that Paul's testimony before the king will provide the substance that the Jewish charges could not. Luke implies that Agrippa, as a knowing observer, will validate Festus's judgment.

Acts 25:27

'For it seems to me unreasonable to send a prisoner to the Emperor without specifying the charges against him.' - Festus's final statement is quintessentially Roman: a magistrate cannot address the Emperor without a clear case, charges articulated, and evidence presented. His phrase 'unreasonable' (alogos, alogos-'irrational, contrary to reason') appeals to logical necessity. This sets up chapter 26, where Paul will speak, and his testimony itself will become the charge and the defense, the accusation and the vindication.