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1 Samuel 6

The ark of the LORD was in the country of the Philistines seven months.

And the Philistines called for the priests and the diviners and said, “What shall we do with the ark of the LORD? Tell us with what we shall send it to its place.”

They said, “If you send away the ark of the God of Israel, do not send it empty, but by all means return him a guilt offering. Then you will be healed, and it will be known to you why his hand does not turn away from you.”

And they said, “What is the guilt offering that we shall return to him?” They answered, “Five golden tumors and five golden mice, according to the number of the lords of the Philistines, for the same plague was on all of you and on your lords.

So you must make images of your tumors and images of your mice that ravage the land, and give glory to the God of Israel. Perhaps he will lighten his hand from off you and your gods and your land.

Why should you harden your hearts as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? After he had dealt severely with them, did they not send the people away, and they departed?

Now then, take and prepare a new cart and two milk cows on which there has never come a yoke, and yoke the cows to the cart, but take their calves home, away from them.

And take the ark of the LORD and place it on the cart and put in a box at its side the figures of gold, which you are returning to him as a guilt offering. Then send it off and let it go its way

and watch. If it goes up on the way to its own land, to Beth-shemesh, then it is he who has done us this great harm, but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that struck us; it happened to us by coincidence.”

The men did so, and took two milk cows and yoked them to the cart and shut up their calves at home.

And they put the ark of the LORD on the cart and the box with the golden mice and the images of their tumors.

And the cows went straight in the direction of Beth-shemesh along one highway, lowing as they went. They turned neither to the right nor to the left, and the lords of the Philistines went after them as far as the border of Beth-shemesh.

Now the people of Beth-shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley. And when they lifted up their eyes and saw the ark, they rejoiced to see it.

The cart came into the field of Joshua of Beth-shemesh and stopped there. A great stone was there. And they split up the wood of the cart and offered the cows as a burnt offering to the LORD.

And the Levites took down the ark of the LORD and the box that was beside it, in which were the golden figures, and set them upon the great stone. And the men of Beth-shemesh offered burnt offerings and sacrificed sacrifices on that day to the LORD.

And when the five lords of the Philistines saw it, they returned that day to Ekron.

These are the golden tumors that the Philistines returned as a guilt offering to the LORD: one for Ashdod, one for Gaza, one for Ashkelon, one for Gath, one for Ekron,

and the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both fortified cities and unwalled villages. The great stone beside which they set down the ark of the LORD is a witness to this day in the field of Joshua of Beth-shemesh.

And he struck some of the men of Beth-shemesh, because they looked upon the ark of the LORD. He struck seventy men of them, and the people mourned because the LORD had struck the people with a great blow.

Then the men of Beth-shemesh said, “Who is able to stand before the LORD, this holy God? And to whom shall he go up away from us?”

So they sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kiriath-jearim, saying, “The Philistines have returned the ark of the LORD. Come down and take it up to you.”

Scripture quotations marked “ESV” are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), © 2001 by Crossway. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

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1 Samuel 6

The Philistines return the ark on a cart pulled by two milk cows (unhitched to avoid deliberate direction), with an offering of golden tumors and golden rats (matching the plagues they suffered), allowing divine guidance to determine whether the ark's presence brought the calamities (6:9)—a test that affirms the LORD's control over events. The cart proceeds straight to Beth-shemesh in Israelite territory, and the people harvest the wheat, see the ark, and offer the cows as a burnt offering (6:14)—a celebration interrupted when the LORD strikes down men of Beth-shemesh who looked into the ark (6:19), a violation of the sacred that demanded death. The recovered ark is brought to Kiriath-jearim, where it remains for twenty years in the house of Abinadab (6:21—7:1), marking a period of religious instability: the ark is restored yet not returned to the sanctuary, and Israel's cultic center remains compromised. The chapter demonstrates that the ark's journey—from Shiloh through Philistine territory and back to Israel—charts the restoration of divine favor while highlighting the ongoing consequences of Israel's unfaithfulness and the necessity of covenant renewal.

1 Samuel 6:20

The people mourned because the LORD had struck the people with a great slaughter—*vayispdu enosh ha'ir* (the men of the city mourned), recognizing the divine punishment. The *machatz gadol* (great strike, plague) is a reminder that the ark's holiness is terrible; improper proximity to it brings death.

1 Samuel 6:21

And they sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kiriath-jearim, saying: The Philistines have returned the ark of the LORD; come down and take it up to you—the *Beth-shemesh* authorities, terrified by the plague, send for the men of Kiriath-jearim to receive the ark. The burden of the sacred vessel is too dangerous for them to bear.

1 Samuel 6:1

The ark of the LORD was in the country of the Philistines seven months—the *shivat yarim* (seven months) is a period of uncleanness, linking the ark's exile to ritual impurity. Seven is both a divine number (symbolizing complete judgment) and a period of purification.

1 Samuel 6:2

Then the Philistines called for the priests and the diviners and said: What should we do with the ark of the LORD? Tell us with what you should send it back to its place—the Philistine *Kohanim* (priests) and *quisim* (diviners) are consulted; even pagan ritualists understand that proper repatriation requires correct *derekh* (way, procedure).

1 Samuel 6:3

They said: If you send back the ark of the God of Israel, do not send it empty, but by all means return him a guilt offering. Then you will be healed and will know why his hand does not turn away from you—the *asham* (guilt offering) is prescribed as restitution. The Philistine priests demonstrate knowledge of Israelite sacrificial theology: *asham* atones and restores relationship.

1 Samuel 6:4

And they said: What is the guilt offering that we should send to him? They answered: Five golden tumors and five golden mice, according to the number of the lords of the Philistines; for the same plague was upon all of you and upon your lords—the Philistine priests prescribe a *micrographic* offering: five *tumors* (tsores, boils) and five *mice* (akbarim) in gold, one for each of the five city-states (*Pelishtim arim*: Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath, Ekron). The offering is a *sympathetic magic* representation of the plague, a visual confession of guilt.

1 Samuel 6:5

So you must make images of your tumors and images of your mice that ravage the land, and give glory to the God of Israel; perhaps he will lighten his hand off you and your gods and your land—the *temunot* (images) are tokens of repentance, material forms of contrition. *Tatnu kavod le-Elohei Yisra'el* (give glory to the God of Israel) is an act of recognition and submission; the *kavod* (glory, honor) belongs to the LORD, not to Dagon.

1 Samuel 6:6

Why then should you harden your hearts as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened theirs? When he had dealt severely with them, did not they let the people go, so that they departed?—the Philistine priests invoke the *Exodus narrative* as a cautionary tale. *Hishtamdut lev* (hardening the heart), the language of Pharaoh's resistance (Exodus 7–14), warns against delay and defiance. The priests counsel swift compliance.

1 Samuel 6:7

Now then, get ready a new cart and two milch cows that have never borne a yoke; and yoke the cows to the cart, but take their calves home, away from them—the *agalah hadashah* (new cart), the *parot* (cows), and especially the unnatural separation from calves (*et-bneyhem* taken away) create conditions for a divinely ordained act: the cows, driven by maternal instinct to their calves, will be unable to move unless the LORD directs them otherwise.

1 Samuel 6:8

Then take the ark of the LORD and place it on the cart, and put in a box at its side the gold objects which you are returning as a guilt offering. Send it off, and let it go its way—the *aron YHWH* is placed on the new cart; the golden *asham* (guilt offering) is secured beside it. The ark is entrusted to *derakhah* (its own way), implying divine guidance.

1 Samuel 6:9

And watch: if it goes up on the road to its own territory toward Beth-shemesh, then it is he who has done us this great harm; but if not, then we shall know that it was not his hand that struck us; it was a chance that happened to us—the *sakh* (sign, test) is empirical: the cows will naturally return to their calves, so if they go to Beth-shemesh (Israel), it proves divine agency; if they do not, then the plague was mere chance (*mikreh*), not divine judgment. This *peh* (condition) allows the Philistines to verify God's hand scientifically.

1 Samuel 6:12

And the cows went straight in the direction of Beth-shemesh along the highway, lowing as they went; they turned neither to the right nor to the left, and the lords of the Philistines went after them as far as the border of Beth-shemesh—the cows move *yashar* (straight), *nachor* (toward) Beth-shemesh, lowing (*bo'ot*) continuously—a bovine lament for separated calves—yet they do not deviate. The Philistine rulers follow to witness the impossible act, confirming divine action.

1 Samuel 6:13

Now the people of Beth-shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley; and when they lifted up their eyes and saw the ark, they rejoiced to see it—the *katzrim* (reapers) of Beth-shemesh see the ark returning. Their *simchah* (rejoicing) is spontaneous; the lost glory of Israel is being restored.

1 Samuel 6:14

The cart came into the field of Joshua of Beth-shemesh, and stopped there. A large stone was there; and they split up the wood of the cart and offered the cows as a burnt offering to the LORD—the stopping place in Joshua's field marks the endpoint of the ark's return journey. The *agalah* (cart) and *parot* (cows) become *olah* (burnt offering), a *qadam* (complete sacrifice) of thanksgiving and restitution to the LORD.

1 Samuel 6:15

The Levites took down the ark of the LORD and the box that was with it, in which were the gold objects, and set them upon the large stone. And the people of Beth-shemesh offered burnt offerings and made sacrifices on that day to the LORD—the Levites handle the sacred vessels; the *zevachim* (sacrifices) and *olot* (burnt offerings) are made in gratitude for the ark's return. The liturgical order is restored.

1 Samuel 6:16

When the five lords of the Philistines saw it, they returned that same day to Ekron—the Philistine rulers (*sarni Pelishtim*), having witnessed the sign of divine agency, depart. Their compliance is implicit; the divine judgment is vindicated.

1 Samuel 6:17

These are the golden tumors which the Philistines sent as a guilt offering to the LORD: one for Ashdod, one for Gaza, one for Ashkelon, one for Gath, and one for Ekron—the *ashamim* (guilt offerings) are enumerated, one for each Philistine city. The offerings serve as *ot* (sign, memorial) of judgment and repentance.

1 Samuel 6:18

And the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both fortified cities and country villages. The great stone, beside which they set down the ark of the LORD, is a witness to this day in the field of Joshua of Beth-shemesh—the *avanim* (stone) becomes *ed* (witness), a lasting memorial. The phrase *ad hayom hazeh* (to this day) confirms the continuity of memory; the stone testifies eternally to the LORD's power.

1 Samuel 6:11

They put the ark of the LORD on the cart, and the box with the golden mice and the images of their tumors—the Philistines load the sacred vessel with the *asham*, the offering that will accompany its return.

1 Samuel 6:19

The sons of Jeconiah did not rejoice with the people of Beth-shemesh when they saw the ark of the LORD; and he struck down some of the people of the city, seventy men; and fifty thousand men—the text is textually problematic here (the numbers vary), but the essential point is clear: the *baale Beth-shemesh* (men of Beth-shemesh) who look into the ark ('el-aron YHWH') are struck down (*nakah YHWH* — the LORD struck). The holiness of the ark is not diminished by its captivity; irreverent gazing upon it brings judgment.

1 Samuel 6:10

The men did so; they took two milch cows and yoked them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home—the test is executed precisely. The separation of mothers and young is the mechanism by which divine will is demonstrated through natural maternal instinct.