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1 Samuel 28

1

And it came to pass in those days, that the Philistines gathered their armies together for warfare, to fight with Israel. And Achish said unto David, Know thou assuredly, that thou shalt go out with me to battle, thou and thy men.

2

And David said to Achish, Surely thou shalt know what thy servant can do. And Achish said to David, Therefore will I make thee keeper of mine head for ever.

3

Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city. And Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land.

4

And the Philistines gathered themselves together, and came and pitched in Shunem: and Saul gathered all Israel together, and they pitched in Gilboa.

5

And when Saul saw the host of the Philistines, he was afraid, and his heart greatly trembled.

6

And when Saul enquired of the Lord, the Lord answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

7

Then said Saul unto his servants, Seek me a woman that hath a familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and enquire of her. And his servants said to him, Behold, there is a woman that hath a familiar spirit at En–dor.

8

And Saul disguised himself, and put on other raiment, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night: and he said, I pray thee, divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and bring me him up, whom I shall name unto thee.

9

And the woman said unto him, Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he hath cut off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land: wherefore then layest thou a snare for my life, to cause me to die?

10

And Saul sware to her by the Lord, saying, As the Lord liveth, there shall no punishment happen to thee for this thing.

11

Then said the woman, Whom shall I bring up unto thee? And he said, Bring me up Samuel.

12

And when the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice: and the woman spake to Saul, saying, Why hast thou deceived me? for thou art Saul.

13

And the king said unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou? And the woman said unto Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth.

14

And he said unto her, What form is he of? And she said, An old man cometh up; and he is covered with a mantle. And Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his face to the ground, and bowed himself.

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15

And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am sore distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I shall do.

16

Then said Samuel, Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the Lord is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy?

17

And the Lord hath done to him, as he spake by me: for the Lord hath rent the kingdom out of thine hand, and given it to thy neighbour, even to David:

18

Because thou obeyedst not the voice of the Lord, nor executedst his fierce wrath upon Amalek, therefore hath the Lord done this thing unto thee this day.

19

Moreover the Lord will also deliver Israel with thee into the hand of the Philistines: and to morrow shalt thou and thy sons be with me: the Lord also shall deliver the host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines.

20

Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him; for he had eaten no bread all the day, nor all the night.

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21

And the woman came unto Saul, and saw that he was sore troubled, and said unto him, Behold, thine handmaid hath obeyed thy voice, and I have put my life in my hand, and have hearkened unto thy words which thou spakest unto me.

22

Now therefore, I pray thee, hearken thou also unto the voice of thine handmaid, and let me set a morsel of bread before thee; and eat, that thou mayest have strength, when thou goest on thy way.

23

But he refused, and said, I will not eat. But his servants, together with the woman, compelled him; and he hearkened unto their voice. So he arose from the earth, and sat upon the bed.

1
24

And the woman had a fat calf in the house; and she hasted, and killed it, and took flour, and kneaded it, and did bake unleavened bread thereof:

25

And she brought it before Saul, and before his servants; and they did eat. Then they rose up, and went away that night.

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1 Samuel 28

Saul, bereft of the LORD's guidance (the prophets no longer speak to him, and casting lots yields no answer, 28:6), despairs and seeks a medium (woman with a familiar spirit) at Endor to conjure Samuel from the dead (28:7-11). Samuel's spirit condemns Saul: 'Why have you disturbed me?...The LORD has torn the kingdom from your hand and given it to David...Because you did not obey the LORD and carry out his fierce anger against the Amalekites, the LORD has done this to you' (28:15-18), and prophesies Saul's death in the coming battle against the Philistines. Saul's desperation drives him to necromancy (forbidden in the Torah, Leviticus 19:31, Deuteronomy 18:10-11), a violation that demonstrates his complete spiritual alienation from the LORD and his final descent into moral disorder; seeking the dead rather than the living God embodies the death of his kingship. The chapter shows the terrible irony of Saul's end: he hears the truth about his fate from a conjured spirit rather than from the living God, and his rebellion against covenant order has severed his connection to revelation and left him prey to despair.

1 Samuel 28:25

And she brought it before Saul, and before his servants; and they did eat. Then they rose up, and went away that night' — the meal ('vayyaqrībû lᵊpanê šāʾûl ûlᵊpanê ʿabadāyw vayyōklū') becomes a final human communion before the night's departure. Their rising and going ('vayyāqûmû vayyelkû balayyᴵl') marks a return to the world of the living, though Saul goes toward his death.

1 Samuel 28:2

And David said to Achish, 'Surely thou shalt know what thy servant can do.' And Achish said to David, 'Therefore will I make thee keeper of mine head for ever' — David's ambiguous response ('kî yadʿattāh ʾet-ʾašer yaʿaśeh ʿabdᵉkhā') avoids either refusal or explicit promise of service. Achish's interpretation ('ʿal-kēn šomer roš yiš'ammrᵉkhā kol-hayyāmîm') shows his trust has deepened, though David's words contain hidden meaning.

1 Samuel 28:3

Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had mourned for him and buried him in Ramah, his own city. And Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land — the reminder of Samuel's death ('ûšᵉmûʾēl met') frames Saul's desperation: the prophetic voice that had guided him is gone. His prior ban on mediums ('vesaul heʾesîr ʾet-baʿalat ʾôb veʾet-hayyiddeʿonîm') showed a commitment to covenant law, yet his abandonment of this principle will follow.

1 Samuel 28:4

And the Philistines gathered together, and came and pitched in Shunem: and Saul gathered all Israel together, and they pitched in Gilboa — the two armies converge ('vayyaʿadu pᵉlišt vayyaqqîmû ʿen-šûnam') at a place of fatal confrontation. Saul's gathering ('vayya'askṣū ʾet-kol-yiśrāʾēl') represents his final mobilization, yet his fate is already sealed.

1 Samuel 28:5

And when Saul saw the host of the Philistines, he was afraid, and his heart trembled greatly — Saul's terror ('vayyîra ʾet-maḥne pᵉlišt vayyiḥrad ḥarodô meʾōd') at the sight of the Philistine array reveals the depth of his spiritual desolation. The 'trembling of great dread' ('vayɛḥrad ḥaredô') shows physical manifestation of psychological collapse.

1 Samuel 28:6

And Saul inquired of the LORD, but the LORD answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets — Saul seeks guidance through all the legitimate channels ('vayyišʾal šāʾûl baYHWH'), yet receives nothing ('velo ʿānāhu YHWH lo baḥlumôt velo beʾûrim velo bǝnebîʾîm'). The threefold negation emphasizes divine silence, the withdrawal of covenant communication that marks God's judgment.

1 Samuel 28:7

Then said Saul unto his servants, 'Seek me a woman that hath a familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and inquire of her.' And his servants said to him, 'Behold, there is a woman that hath a familiar spirit at En-dor' — Saul's reversal ('vayyomer šāʾûl lᵊʿabadāyw baqšû-lî ʾeśet baʿalat ʾôb') violates his own law and represents desperation transcending principle. The servants know of 'a mistress of the pit' ('baʿalat ʾôb'), suggesting such mediumship persisted despite prohibition.

1 Samuel 28:8

And Saul disguised himself, and put on other raiment, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night: and he said, 'I pray thee, divine unto me by the means of the familiar spirit, and bring me up him whom I shall name unto thee' — Saul's disguise ('vayṯaltaš šāʾûl vayyalbāš begādîm aḥḥērim') and nocturnal approach ('balayyᴵl') show he knows his act to be transgressive. His request ('naḥšî-lî nāʾ baʾôb') asks for necromantic divination, summoning the dead.

1 Samuel 28:9

And the woman said unto him, 'Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he hath cut off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land: wherefore then layest thou a snare for my soul, to cause me to die?' — the woman's response ('vayyomer ʾālāyw haʾiššāh') recognizes Saul's identity and the danger his request poses. She points to his own decree ('ʾattāh yādaʿtā ʾet-ʾašer ʿāśāh šāʾûl'), creating an ironic indictment of his reversal.

1 Samuel 28:10

And Saul sware to her by the LORD, saying, 'As the LORD liveth, there shall no punishment happen to thee for this thing' — Saul's oath ('vayye'śebaʿ lô šāʾûl baYHWH') paradoxically invokes God's name to guarantee protection while violating God's law. The oath 'ḥay YHWH' invokes the very God whose law prohibits this practice.

1 Samuel 28:11

Then said the woman, 'Whom shall I bring up unto thee?' And he said, 'Bring me up Samuel' — the request for Samuel ('ʾet-šemûʾēl haʿal ʾel') the dead prophet suggests that Saul seeks wisdom from the only source that has counseled him faithfully. The irony is profound: he now seeks through forbidden means the one who once guided him through legitimate prophecy.

1 Samuel 28:12

And when the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice: and the woman said to Saul, 'Why hast thou deceived me? for thou art Saul' — the woman's recognition ('vayyar ʾet-šemûʾēl vetizʿaq beqôl gdôl') and her cry suggest that something unprecedented has occurred. Her recognition of Saul ('ʾattāh šāʾûl') indicates that the summoning has succeeded, revealing the man behind the disguise.

1 Samuel 28:13

And the king said unto her, 'Be not afraid: for what sawest thou?' And the woman said unto Saul, 'I saw gods coming up out of the earth' — the woman's description ('ʾēl̠îm raʾîtî ʿōlîm min-hāʾāres') uses the plural 'gods' or 'divine beings,' suggesting a supernatural manifestation. The phrase 'from the earth' ('min-hāʾāres') emphasizes the raising of one who has gone down to Sheol.

1 Samuel 28:14

And he said unto her, 'What is his form?' And she said, 'An old man cometh up; and he is covered with a mantle.' And Saul perceived that it was Samuel: and he stooped with his face to the ground, and bowed himself

1 Samuel 28:15

And Samuel said to Saul, 'Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up?' And Saul answered, 'I am sore distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I shall do' — Samuel's reproach ('lamāh hiraggaztā-nî lehaʿalôt-nî') acknowledges the violation of his rest. Saul's confession ('ṯar laqqōnî meʾōd kî-pᵉlišt nilḥamim bî veʾelohim sār mimmennî') admits to divine abandonment.

1 Samuel 28:16

Then said Samuel, 'Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the LORD is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy?' — Samuel's rhetorical question ('lemāh tišʾāl-nî veYHWH sār mimmᵋkā') exposes the futility of Saul's inquiry. His alienation from God ('vayyᴵhî-lekkā lōyēb') has placed him beyond the reach of prophetic counsel.

1 Samuel 28:17

And the LORD hath done to him, as he spake by me: for the LORD hath rent the kingdom out of thine hand, and given it to thy neighbour, even to David' — Samuel rehearses God's previous judgment ('vayyaʿaś YHWH kᵃdabar-bî'), reminding Saul of the words spoken through him. The kingdom's removal ('vayya'kōr YHWH et-mamloḫtᵊkā miyyādᵊkā') and its gift to David ('vayyittᵊnāh lᵊdāwīd reʾīʿᵊkā') are the settled purpose of God.

1 Samuel 28:18

Because thou obeyedst not the voice of the LORD, and didst not execute his fierce wrath upon Amalek, therefore hath the LORD done this thing unto thee this day' — Samuel catalogs Saul's disobedience ('yaʿan lōʾ šamaʿtā bᵉqôl YHWH'), specifically his failure to exterminate the Amalekites as commanded. The specific sin ('vᵉlōʾ ʾipalattiʾ ḥarôn ʾappô baʿamālēq') became the occasion for losing the kingdom.

1 Samuel 28:19

Moreover the LORD will also deliver Israel with thee into the hand of the Philistines: and to morrow thou and thy sons shall be with me: the LORD also shall deliver the host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines' — Samuel's final prophecy ('gam et-yiśrāʾēl ʿim-kkā yittan YHWH beyyad pᵉlišt') pronounces doom not only upon Saul but upon Israel. The phrase 'attāh ûbanékā ʿimmî' (you and your sons with me) speaks of death, the passage to Sheol, while Israel's defeat is promised as well.

1 Samuel 28:20

Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him; for he had eaten no bread all the day, nor all the night

1 Samuel 28:21

And the woman came unto Saul, and saw that he was sore troubled, and said unto him, 'Behold, thine handmaid hath obeyed thy voice, and I have put my life in my hand, and hearkened unto thy words which thou spakest unto me

1 Samuel 28:22

Now therefore, I pray thee, hearken thou also unto the voice of thine handmaid, and let me set a morsel of bread before thee; and eat, that thou mayest have strength, when thou goest on thy way' — the woman's care ('ûʿattāh šmʿ-nāʾ gam-ʾattāh bekôl ʿamtᵊkā') provides physical sustenance in the face of spiritual devastation. The bread ('pat leḥem') becomes a gesture of human kindness in the shadow of divine judgment.

1 Samuel 28:23

But he refused, and said, 'I will not eat.' But his servants, together with the woman, compelled him; and he hearkened unto their voice. So he arose from the earth, and sat upon the bed

1 Samuel 28:24

And the woman had a fatted calf in the house; and she made haste, and killed it, and took flour, and kneaded it, and baked unleavened bread thereof

1 Samuel 28:1

And it came to pass in those days, that the Philistines gathered together their forces for war, to fight with Israel. And Achish said to David, 'Know thou assuredly, that thou shalt go out with me to the battle, thou and thy men' — the Philistine mobilization ('vayya'asu pᵉlišt ʾet-mḥnêhem leṣāʾet baqrāb ʿal-yiśrāʾēl') confronts David with an impossible choice. Achish's command ('yaʿdatta yāḏōʿ kî-ʿittî taṣēʾ bamilḥāmāh') compels David into an unwelcome alliance against his own people.