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1 Samuel 26

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And the Ziphites came unto Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself in the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon?

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Then Saul arose, and went down to the wilderness of Ziph, having three thousand chosen men of Israel with him, to seek David in the wilderness of Ziph.

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And Saul pitched in the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon, by the way. But David abode in the wilderness, and he saw that Saul came after him into the wilderness.

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David therefore sent out spies, and understood that Saul was come in very deed.

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And David arose, and came to the place where Saul had pitched: and David beheld the place where Saul lay, and Abner the son of Ner, the captain of his host: and Saul lay in the trench, and the people pitched round about him.

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Then answered David and said to Ahimelech the Hittite, and to Abishai the son of Zeruiah, brother to Joab, saying, Who will go down with me to Saul to the camp? And Abishai said, I will go down with thee.

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So David and Abishai came to the people by night: and, behold, Saul lay sleeping within the trench, and his spear stuck in the ground at his bolster: but Abner and the people lay round about him.

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Then said Abishai to David, God hath delivered thine enemy into thine hand this day: now therefore let me smite him, I pray thee, with the spear even to the earth at once, and I will not smite him the second time.

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And David said to Abishai, Destroy him not: for who can stretch forth his hand against the Lord’s anointed, and be guiltless?

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David said furthermore, As the Lord liveth, the Lord shall smite him; or his day shall come to die; or he shall descend into battle, and perish.

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The Lord forbid that I should stretch forth mine hand against the Lord’s anointed: but, I pray thee, take thou now the spear that is at his bolster, and the cruse of water, and let us go.

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So David took the spear and the cruse of water from Saul’s bolster; and they gat them away, and no man saw it, nor knew it, neither awaked: for they were all asleep; because a deep sleep from the Lord was fallen upon them.

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Then David went over to the other side, and stood on the top of an hill afar off; a great space being between them:

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And David cried to the people, and to Abner the son of Ner, saying, Answerest thou not, Abner? Then Abner answered and said, Who art thou that criest to the king?

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And David said to Abner, Art not thou a valiant man? and who is like to thee in Israel? wherefore then hast thou not kept thy lord the king? for there came one of the people in to destroy the king thy lord.

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This thing is not good that thou hast done. As the Lord liveth, ye are worthy to die, because ye have not kept your master, the Lord’s anointed. And now see where the king’s spear is, and the cruse of water that was at his bolster.

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And Saul knew David’s voice, and said, Is this thy voice, my son David? And David said, It is my voice, my lord, O king.

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And he said, Wherefore doth my lord thus pursue after his servant? for what have I done? or what evil is in mine hand?

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Now therefore, I pray thee, let my lord the king hear the words of his servant. If the Lord have stirred thee up against me, let him accept an offering: but if they be the children of men, cursed be they before the Lord; for they have driven me out this day from abiding in the inheritance of the Lord, saying, Go, serve other gods.

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Now therefore, let not my blood fall to the earth before the face of the Lord: for the king of Israel is come out to seek a flea, as when one doth hunt a partridge in the mountains.

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Then said Saul, I have sinned: return, my son David: for I will no more do thee harm, because my soul was precious in thine eyes this day: behold, I have played the fool, and have erred exceedingly.

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And David answered and said, Behold the king’s spear! and let one of the young men come over and fetch it.

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The Lord render to every man his righteousness and his faithfulness: for the Lord delivered thee into my hand to day, but I would not stretch forth mine hand against the Lord’s anointed.

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And, behold, as thy life was much set by this day in mine eyes, so let my life be much set by in the eyes of the Lord, and let him deliver me out of all tribulation.

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Then Saul said to David, Blessed be thou, my son David: thou shalt both do great things, and also shalt still prevail. So David went on his way, and Saul returned to his place.

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1 Samuel 26

David again encounters Saul in the wilderness, and his men urge him to kill the sleeping king; instead, David takes Saul's spear and water bottle as proof of his restraint (26:11-12), then calls out to Saul's commander Abner, shaming him for failing to protect the king (26:15-16). David addresses Saul directly: 'As surely as the LORD lives, the LORD himself will strike him down' (26:10)—a statement that the LORD, not David, will judge Saul, and that David will remain faithful to his covenant duty despite Saul's hostility. Saul again relents and acknowledges David's righteousness ('I have sinned...You are more righteous than I,' 26:21), yet the reconciliation remains temporary and unreliable (Saul is described as 'swearing' his oath, suggesting his character's fundamental instability). David's consistent refusal to kill Saul, despite repeated opportunities and encouragement from his followers, establishes that his kingship will be founded on covenantal restraint and respect for the LORD's order, not on the exercise of raw power; his patience and faith contrast dramatically with Saul's chronic instability and broken oaths.

1 Samuel 26:1

Then the Ziphites came to Saul at Gibeah, saying, 'Is not David hiding in the hill of Hachilah, which is on the east of Jeshimon?' — for a second time, the Ziphites betray David's location to Saul ('ʿal-gib'at hakkhakhlîl'), repeating their treachery from chapter 23. The phrase 'ʾal-penê hammidbār' emphasizes David's vulnerability as a hunted fugitive in the wilderness.

1 Samuel 26:2

Then Saul rose and went down to the Wilderness of Ziph with three thousand chosen men of Israel to seek David in the Wilderness of Ziph — Saul's deployment of three thousand warriors ('šloshet ʾalāpîm') reflects the extent of his obsession with David's death. The repetition of 'Ziph' and 'Wilderness' emphasizes the barrenness of Saul's pursuit, the spiritual wasteland into which his jealousy has driven him.

1 Samuel 26:3

And Saul encamped on the hill of Hachilah, which is on the east of Jeshimon, beside the road. But David remained in the wilderness — Saul's encampment ('vayyiḥanh šāʾûl ʿal-gib'at hakkhakhlîl') is described with military precision, yet David's presence in the wilderness suggests a space beyond Saul's reach, protected by God's providence.

1 Samuel 26:4

When David saw that Saul had come after him into the wilderness, David sent out spies and learned that Saul had indeed come — David's intelligence gathering ('vayyišloaḥ dāwīd ʾet-hammaggîdîm') shows the practical skills of a military leader operating within hostile territory. His reconnaissance is careful and methodical.

1 Samuel 26:5

Then David rose and came to the place where Saul had encamped; and David saw the place where Saul lay, and Abner the son of Ner, the commander of his army; Saul was lying inside the encampment, with the army encamped around him — the layout of Saul's camp is described with strategic clarity: Saul sleeping within a protective circle of soldiers ('beqereb hammaḥāneh'). Yet this defense proves illusory.

1 Samuel 26:6

Then David said to Ahimaaz the Hittite and to Abishai the son of Zeruiah, Joab's brother, 'Who will go down with me into the camp to Saul?' And Abishai said, 'I will go down with you' — David seeks a volunteer for the dangerous nocturnal raid ('mî-yēred ʾittî ʾel-šāʾûl ʾel-hammaḥāneh'). Abishai's immediate response ('ʾănî ʾērd ʿimmᵉkhā') shows his loyalty and readiness for risk.

1 Samuel 26:7

So David and Abishai went to the army by night; and there Saul lay sleeping within the encampment, with his spear stuck in the ground at his head; and Abner and the army were lying around him — the sleeping camp, with Saul's spear as a sentinel at his head ('vᵉḥannîtô tqûʿāh bāʾāres ʿal-mᵉrʿāšô'), presents the second opportunity to kill the king. The image of the spear evokes the symbol of royal authority that will be violated but not used for slaughter.

1 Samuel 26:8

Then Abishai said to David, 'God has given your enemy into your hand this day; now therefore let me pin him to the earth with one stroke of the spear, and I will not strike him twice' — Abishai's proposal ('naggaʿ-nāʾ naʿqāb-ô ḥannît ʿāres') invokes divine will ('nᵉtānô ʾelohîm ʿal-yādᵉkhā') as justification for execution. His confidence in a single lethal stroke shows the skill of the warrior, but reveals spiritual blindness regarding God's intention.

1 Samuel 26:9

But David said to Abishai, 'Do not destroy him; for who can put out his hand against the LORD's anointed, and be guiltless?' — David's refusal ('ʾal-taššḥîtēhû') is grounded in the principle of the LORD's anointed ('neśîaḥ YHWH'). The phrase 'mî-yaśîaḥ yādô bᵉmešîaḥ YHWH' expresses the inviolability of the covenant king, even a failed one; to slay him would be to violate the sacred bond between God and His anointed.

1 Samuel 26:10

'As the LORD lives, the LORD will strike him; or his day will come to die, or he will go down into battle and perish' — David acknowledges three possibilities for Saul's death: divine judgment ('vayyakkēhu YHWH'), natural death ('bayôm yābôʾ lāmût'), or battlefield death ('vayyiradeph bamilḥāmāh veniš'ar'). All are in the hands of God, not David. The principle of patient waiting for God's judgment emerges.

1 Samuel 26:11

'The LORD forbid that I should put out my hand against the LORD's anointed; but now take the spear that is at his head, and the water jar, and let us go' — David's final refusal ('ḥāšôk YHWH mî-ʾâ šeliḥ yādî) invokes divine protection against his own impulse toward regicide. Taking the spear and water jar ('et-hakkhannît ʾašer meraʿšô vᵉʾet-ṣappāḥat hammayyim') as proof of his access becomes an alternative to slaughter: a sign of victory without bloodshed.

1 Samuel 26:12

So David took the spear and the water jar from beside Saul's head, and they went away. No one saw them, or knew, or awoke; for they were all asleep, because a deep sleep from the LORD had fallen upon them — the 'deep sleep' ('tardēmāh mēʾet-YHWH') is God's protective provision, allowing David and Abishai to escape undetected. The divine action ensures that the test becomes a pure matter of David's own choice, uncompromised by circumstance.

1 Samuel 26:13

Then David went over to the other side, and stood on the top of the hill afar off; a great distance was between them — David's distance from the camp ('vayyaʿmōd ʿal-rôš-hahār merḥôq') provides safety yet allows communication. The separation emphasizes the dramatic structure: David and Saul are now divided by geography as they are by destiny.

1 Samuel 26:14

And David called out to the army, and to Abner the son of Ner, saying, 'Abner, will you not answer?' Then Abner answered, 'Who are you that calls to the king?' — David's public call ('vayyiqrāʾ dāwīd ʾel-hāʿām') pierces the night, summoning a response from Abner. The question 'Who are you?' ('mî-ʾattāh') invites Abner to recognize the sovereign voice that has breached his commander's authority.

1 Samuel 26:15

And David said to Abner, 'Are you not a man? Who is like you in Israel? Why then have you not kept watch over your lord the king? For one of the people came in to destroy the king your lord' — David's rebuke ('lāmāh lōʾ šamartāh ʾet-ʾadonekhā hammelekh') exposes Abner's failure as a commander. The rhetorical superiority of David's speech ('mî kᵉmôkā') asserts a moral authority over Saul's general.

1 Samuel 26:16

'This thing is not good that you have done. As the LORD lives, you deserve to die, because you have not kept watch over your lord, the LORD's anointed. And now see where the king's spear is, and the water jar that was at his head' — David's indictment ('ʿamal lōʾ ṭôbāh zōʾt) declares Abner worthy of death for his dereliction. The production of the spear and water jar ('ʿattāh rēʾeh ʾēʾt hanneśîaḥ YHWH') serves as material proof of his vulnerability.

1 Samuel 26:17

Then Saul recognized David's voice, and said, 'Is this your voice, my son David?' And David said, 'It is my voice, my lord, O king' — Saul's recognition ('vayyakir šāʾûl ʾet-qôl dāwīd') marks a moment of vulnerable connection between the anointed and the rejected. The words 'bᵉnî dāwīd' show Saul acknowledging their bond, yet also the paternal authority he claims.

1 Samuel 26:18

And he said, 'Why does my lord pursue his servant? For what have I done? Or what evil is in my hand?' — David's defense ('lemāh yirdôp ʾadôn ʾet-ʿabdo') appeals to innocence and the absence of transgression. The phrase 'mā-raʿ beyadî' invokes the principle that David bears no hostility, making Saul's pursuit an unjust hunt.

1 Samuel 26:19

'Now therefore, let my lord the king hear the words of his servant. If it is the LORD who has stirred you up against me, may he accept an offering; but if it is the sons of men, may they be cursed before the LORD, for they have driven me out this day from abiding in the inheritance of the LORD, saying, "Go, serve other gods"' — David attributes his persecution either to divine will ('ʾim-YHWH sinîtᵉkhā') or to human machination ('ʾim-benê ʾādhām'). The phrase about exile from the LORD's inheritance ('menaḥlat YHWH') expresses the spiritual cost of homelessness and fugitive life.

1 Samuel 26:20

'Now therefore, do not let my blood fall to the earth away from the presence of the LORD; for the king of Israel has come out to seek my life, like one who hunts a partridge in the mountains' — David invokes the LORD's presence ('lipnê YHWH') as the standard of justice, suggesting that his death in exile would constitute an act of abandonment by Saul. The image of hunting a partridge in the mountains ('keṣôrēd qaḥ ʿal-harîm') reduces David's person to that of a hunted bird, emphasizing the unreasonableness of Saul's pursuit.

1 Samuel 26:21

Then Saul said, 'I have sinned; return, my son David, for I will no more do you harm, because my life was precious in your sight this day. Behold, I have played the fool, and have erred exceedingly' — Saul's confession ('ḥāṭāʾtî') and self-judgment ('niśkalti vāʾešʾeh haggēʾ mᵉʾôd') show a moment of genuine remorse. The phrase 'yerāʾ nāpšî bʿênekā' (my life was precious in your sight) acknowledges David's restraint as an act of grace.

1 Samuel 26:22

And David answered and said, 'Here is the spear, O king! Let one of the young men come over and fetch it' — David's offer to return the spear ('hennen hakkannît hammelekh') represents a gesture of reconciliation and deference. The spear, symbol of kingship, is restored, though its seizure has made its vulnerability manifest.

1 Samuel 26:23

'The LORD rewards every man for his righteousness and his faithfulness; for the LORD gave you into my hand today, but I would not put out my hand against the LORD's anointed' — David articulates a principle of divine justice ('YHWH yišmōr ləkol-ʾîš ʾet-ṣidqatô vᵉʾet-ʾamûnātô'). His refusal of Saul's death becomes an act of covenant loyalty, establishing him as the true guardian of the LORD's law.

1 Samuel 26:24

'And, behold, as your life was much set by this day in my sight, so may my life be much set by in the sight of the LORD, and may he deliver me out of all tribulation' — David asks for reciprocal divine protection ('vᵉyaddelᵉṭî YHWH mikkol-tsar'), grounding his future safety in his present faithfulness. The principle of reciprocity between human righteousness and divine blessing stands as the ultimate vindication of his choice.

1 Samuel 26:25

Then Saul said to David, 'Blessed are you, my son David! You will do many things and will surely prevail.' So David went his way, and Saul returned to his place — Saul's blessing ('bārûk attāh bᵉnî dāwīd') acknowledges God's favor resting on David ('gam-ʿāsôh taʿaśeh veגם-takol'), yet the symmetry of their separation suggests that despite this moment of reconciliation, the underlying reality has not changed. David's path and Saul's are diverging toward their final destinations.