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1 Kings 20

1

And Ben–hadad the king of Syria gathered all his host together: and there were thirty and two kings with him, and horses, and chariots: and he went up and besieged Samaria, and warred against it.

2

And he sent messengers to Ahab king of Israel into the city, and said unto him, Thus saith Ben–hadad,

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Thy silver and thy gold is mine; thy wives also and thy children, even the goodliest, are mine.

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And the king of Israel answered and said, My lord, O king, according to thy saying, I am thine, and all that I have.

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And the messengers came again, and said, Thus speaketh Ben–hadad, saying, Although I have sent unto thee, saying, Thou shalt deliver me thy silver, and thy gold, and thy wives, and thy children;

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Yet I will send my servants unto thee to morrow about this time, and they shall search thine house, and the houses of thy servants; and it shall be, that whatsoever is pleasant in thine eyes, they shall put it in their hand, and take it away.

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Then the king of Israel called all the elders of the land, and said, Mark, I pray you, and see how this man seeketh mischief: for he sent unto me for my wives, and for my children, and for my silver, and for my gold; and I denied him not.

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And all the elders and all the people said unto him, Hearken not unto him, nor consent.

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Wherefore he said unto the messengers of Ben–hadad, Tell my lord the king, All that thou didst send for to thy servant at the first I will do: but this thing I may not do. And the messengers departed, and brought him word again.

10

And Ben–hadad sent unto him, and said, The gods do so unto me, and more also, if the dust of Samaria shall suffice for handfuls for all the people that follow me.

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And the king of Israel answered and said, Tell him, Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off.

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And it came to pass, when Ben–hadad heard this message, as he was drinking, he and the kings in the pavilions, that he said unto his servants, Set yourselves in array. And they set themselves in array against the city.

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And, behold, there came a prophet unto Ahab king of Israel, saying, Thus saith the Lord, Hast thou seen all this great multitude? behold, I will deliver it into thine hand this day; and thou shalt know that I am the Lord.

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And Ahab said, By whom? And he said, Thus saith the Lord, Even by the young men of the princes of the provinces. Then he said, Who shall order the battle? And he answered, Thou.

15

Then he numbered the young men of the princes of the provinces, and they were two hundred and thirty two: and after them he numbered all the people, even all the children of Israel, being seven thousand.

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And they went out at noon. But Ben–hadad was drinking himself drunk in the pavilions, he and the kings, the thirty and two kings that helped him.

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And the young men of the princes of the provinces went out first; and Ben–hadad sent out, and they told him, saying, There are men come out of Samaria.

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And he said, Whether they be come out for peace, take them alive; or whether they be come out for war, take them alive.

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So these young men of the princes of the provinces came out of the city, and the army which followed them.

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And they slew every one his man: and the Syrians fled; and Israel pursued them: and Ben–hadad the king of Syria escaped on an horse with the horsemen.

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And the king of Israel went out, and smote the horses and chariots, and slew the Syrians with a great slaughter.

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And the prophet came to the king of Israel, and said unto him, Go, strengthen thyself, and mark, and see what thou doest: for at the return of the year the king of Syria will come up against thee.

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And the servants of the king of Syria said unto him, Their gods are gods of the hills; therefore they were stronger than we; but let us fight against them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger than they.

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And do this thing, Take the kings away, every man out of his place, and put captains in their rooms:

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And number thee an army, like the army that thou hast lost, horse for horse, and chariot for chariot: and we will fight against them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger than they. And he hearkened unto their voice, and did so.

26

And it came to pass at the return of the year, that Ben–hadad numbered the Syrians, and went up to Aphek, to fight against Israel.

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And the children of Israel were numbered, and were all present, and went against them: and the children of Israel pitched before them like two little flocks of kids; but the Syrians filled the country.

28

And there came a man of God, and spake unto the king of Israel, and said, Thus saith the Lord, Because the Syrians have said, The Lord is God of the hills, but he is not God of the valleys, therefore will I deliver all this great multitude into thine hand, and ye shall know that I am the Lord.

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And they pitched one over against the other seven days. And so it was, that in the seventh day the battle was joined: and the children of Israel slew of the Syrians an hundred thousand footmen in one day.

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But the rest fled to Aphek, into the city; and there a wall fell upon twenty and seven thousand of the men that were left. And Ben–hadad fled, and came into the city, into an inner chamber.

31

And his servants said unto him, Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings: let us, I pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out to the king of Israel: peradventure he will save thy life.

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So they girded sackcloth on their loins, and put ropes on their heads, and came to the king of Israel, and said, Thy servant Ben–hadad saith, I pray thee, let me live. And he said, Is he yet alive? he is my brother.

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Now the men did diligently observe whether any thing would come from him, and did hastily catch it: and they said, Thy brother Ben–hadad. Then he said, Go ye, bring him. Then Ben–hadad came forth to him; and he caused him to come up into the chariot.

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And Ben–hadad said unto him, The cities, which my father took from thy father, I will restore; and thou shalt make streets for thee in Damascus, as my father made in Samaria. Then said Ahab, I will send thee away with this covenant. So he made a covenant with him, and sent him away.

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And a certain man of the sons of the prophets said unto his neighbour in the word of the Lord, Smite me, I pray thee. And the man refused to smite him.

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Then said he unto him, Because thou hast not obeyed the voice of the Lord, behold, as soon as thou art departed from me, a lion shall slay thee. And as soon as he was departed from him, a lion found him, and slew him.

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Then he found another man, and said, Smite me, I pray thee. And the man smote him, so that in smiting he wounded him.

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So the prophet departed, and waited for the king by the way, and disguised himself with ashes upon his face.

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And as the king passed by, he cried unto the king: and he said, Thy servant went out into the midst of the battle; and, behold, a man turned aside, and brought a man unto me, and said, Keep this man: if by any means he be missing, then shall thy life be for his life, or else thou shalt pay a talent of silver.

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And as thy servant was busy here and there, he was gone. And the king of Israel said unto him, So shall thy judgment be; thyself hast decided it.

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And he hasted, and took the ashes away from his face; and the king of Israel discerned him that he was of the prophets.

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And he said unto him, Thus saith the Lord, Because thou hast let go out of thy hand a man whom I appointed to utter destruction, therefore thy life shall go for his life, and thy people for his people.

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And the king of Israel went to his house heavy and displeased, and came to Samaria.

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1 Kings 20

The account of the conflict between Ahab and Ben-Hadad of Syria represents a temporary respite from the religious struggle with Ahab and demonstrates that despite Ahab's apostasy, YHWH continues to grant him military victories in order to preserve Israel from conquest. The chapter opens with Ben-Hadad's demand for tribute and the surrender of Ahab's wives and children. Ahab's initial compliance with the demand for tribute, coupled with his refusal to surrender his wives and children, demonstrates his political acumen. The prophet's intervention declares that YHWH will give Ben-Hadad and his army into Ahab's hand. The military campaign unfolds: Ahab's army defeats Ben-Hadad's much larger force in a series of engagements. Ben-Hadad is forced to sue for peace, and Ahab's generous treatment of Ben-Hadad, allowing him to escape with his life and agreeing to a treaty of peace, is presented as a failure of royal judgment. A prophet comes to Ahab in disguise and tells him a parable: a man was given a prisoner to guard with the stipulation that if the prisoner escaped, the man's life would be forfeit; the prophet's revelation establishes Ahab's accountability for his failure to execute Ben-Hadad. The theological significance lies in the recognition that YHWH's military support for Israel continues even against the backdrop of the king's apostasy.

1 Kings 20:36

Then he found another man, and said, Smite me, I pray thee. And the man smote him, so that in smiting he wounded him — The first prophet finds another man and successfully persuades him to strike him. The phrase shows the second incident of a prophet seeking injury.

1 Kings 20:37

So the prophet departed, and waited for the king by the way, and disguised himself with ashes upon his face — The wounded prophet disguises himself with ashes and waits for the king. The phrase shows him preparing a parable to be delivered to Ahab.

1 Kings 20:38

And as the king passed by, he cried unto the king: and he said, Thy servant went out into the midst of the battle; and, behold, a man turned aside, and brought a man unto me, and said, Keep this man: if by any means he be missing, then shall thy life be for his life, or else thou shalt pay a talent of silver — The prophet presents a hypothetical case: he was entrusted with guarding a prisoner during battle, but the prisoner escaped. The penalty is death or a talent of silver. The phrase establishes the basis for prophetic judgment against Ahab.

1 Kings 20:39

And as thy servant was busy here and there, he was gone. And the king of Israel said unto him, So shall thy judgment be; thyself hast decided it — Ahab pronounces judgment on the hypothetical case: death or payment. The phrase shows him making a decree without realizing the parable applies to himself.

1 Kings 20:40

And he hasted, and took the ashes away from his face; and the king knew him that he was one of the prophets — The prophet removes his disguise, revealing himself. The phrase shows the dramatic unveiling of the parable's application.

1 Kings 20:41

And he said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Because thou hast let go out of thy hand a man whom I appointed to utter destruction, therefore thy life shall go for his life, and thy people for his people — The prophet reveals the parable's meaning: Ahab had released Ben-hadad (whom God had delivered to him for destruction) and must therefore forfeit his own life and his people's lives. The phrase shows prophetic judgment: Ahab's mercy to the defeated king violates God's covenant purposes.

1 Kings 20:42

And the king of Israel went to his house heavy and displeased, and came to Samaria — Ahab returns home troubled and displeased by the prophetic rebuke. The phrase shows the king's acknowledgment that his action displeased God, yet he does not repent or seek to rectify the situation.

1 Kings 20:43

And it came to pass after these things, that Naboth the Jezreelite had a vineyard, which was in Jezreel, beside the palace of Ahab king of Samaria — The narrative shifts to a domestic incident: a vineyard belongs to Naboth near Ahab's palace. The phrase introduces a new conflict that will demonstrate Ahab's fundamental character flaw: his covetousness and willingness to pervert justice.

1 Kings 20:4

And the messengers came again, and said, Thus speaketh Ben-hadad, saying, Although I have sent unto thee, saying, Thou shalt deliver me thy silver, and thy gold, and thy wives, and thy children — Ben-hadad escalates his demands with a second message, emphasizing his previous conditions.

1 Kings 20:1

And Ben-hadad the king of Aram gathered all his host together: and there were thirty and two kings with him, and horses, and chariots: and he went up and besieged Samaria — Ben-hadad of Aram assembles a massive coalition (32 kings) and besieges Ahab's capital. The phrase shows the threat to northern Israel from external enemies despite internal apostasy.

1 Kings 20:2

And he sent messengers to Ahab king of Israel into the city, and said unto him, Thus saith Ben-hadad, Thy silver and thy gold is mine; thy wives also and thy children, even the goodliest, are mine — Ben-hadad's demand is absolute: surrender of all precious possessions including royal women and children. The phrase shows his intention to humiliate and subjugate the northern kingdom.

1 Kings 20:3

And the king of Israel answered and said, My lord, O king, according to thy saying, I am thine, and all that I have — Ahab initially submits to Ben-hadad's demands. The phrase shows the king's capitulation and desperation.

1 Kings 20:5

But I will send my servants unto thee to morrow about this time, and they shall search thine house, and the houses of thy servants; and it shall be, that whatsoever is pleasant in thine eyes, they shall put it in their hand, and take it away — Ben-hadad's second demand includes invasion of royal and noble households to seize treasures himself. The phrase shows his intention to personally determine what he considers valuable.

1 Kings 20:6

Then the king of Israel called all the elders of the land, and said, Mark, I pray you, and see how this man seeketh a quarrel: for he sent unto me for my wives, and for my children, and for my silver, and for my gold; and I denied him not — Ahab consults his elders, noting that he had not refused Ben-hadad's first demands yet the king escalates. The phrase shows Ahab recognizing the futility of submission.

1 Kings 20:7

And all the elders and all the people said unto him, Hearken not unto him, nor consent — The elders and people refuse capitulation. The phrase shows surprising unity against external subjugation, even if the kingdom had been rent by internal apostasy.

1 Kings 20:8

Wherefore he said unto the messengers of Ben-hadad, Tell my lord the king, All that thou didst send for to thy servant at the first I will do: but this thing I cannot do. And the messengers departed, and brought him word again — Ahab refuses Ben-hadad's escalated demands, showing unexpected resolve. The phrase shows him willing to fight rather than permit the king's representatives to plunder royal treasures.

1 Kings 20:9

And Ben-hadad sent unto him, saying, So let the gods do to me, and more also, if the dust of Samaria shall suffice for handfuls for all the people that follow me — Ben-hadad responds with a curse formula expressing his determination to overwhelm Samaria. The phrase invokes an ancient Near Eastern metaphor: his army is so vast that even the dust of Samaria's ground (used as soil) will not suffice for handfuls for his troops.

1 Kings 20:10

And the king of Israel answered and said unto him, Tell him, Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off — Ahab's reply is witty and proverbial. The phrase suggests not counting victory before the battle: the warrior still putting on armor should not boast as if he has already removed it in victory.

1 Kings 20:11

And it came to pass, when Ben-hadad heard this message, as he was drinking, he and the kings, in the pavilions, that he said unto his servants, Set yourselves in array. And they set themselves in array against the city — Ben-hadad's confidence is shaken by Ahab's defiant response. The phrase shows the Aramean king and his coalition preparing for battle while drinking—perhaps suggesting overconfidence or distraction.

1 Kings 20:12

And, behold, there came a prophet unto Ahab king of Israel, saying, Thus saith the LORD, Hast thou seen all this great multitude? behold, I will deliver it into thine hand this day; and thou shalt know that I am the LORD — A prophet brings God's message to Ahab: divine victory is assured. The phrase shows God's sovereign intervention on behalf of His people despite the king's apostasy. Victory will demonstrate God's reality to Ahab.

1 Kings 20:13

And Ahab said, By whom? And he said, Thus saith the LORD, By the young men of the princes of the provinces. Then he said, Who shall order the battle? And he answered, Thou — The prophet specifies: young men of provincial princes will achieve victory under Ahab's command. The phrase shows how God uses human agency (the kingdom's young officers) to execute divine purposes.

1 Kings 20:14

Then he numbered the young men of the princes of the provinces, and they were two hundred and thirty two: and after them he numbered all the people, even all the children of Israel, being seven thousand — Ahab musters 232 young men from the provincial nobility and 7,000 common soldiers. The phrase shows Ahab's forces are vastly outnumbered by Ben-hadad's coalition.

1 Kings 20:15

And they went out at noon. But Ben-hadad was drinking in the pavilions, he and the kings, the thirty and two kings that helped him — Israel's forces attack at noon while Ben-hadad and his coalition are drinking in their tents. The phrase suggests overconfidence and military negligence on the part of the Aramean king.

1 Kings 20:16

And the young men of the princes of the provinces went out first; and Ben-hadad sent out, and they told him, saying, There are men come out of Samaria — Scouts report that Israeli forces have sallied from Samaria. The phrase shows Ben-hadad's initial unawareness of the attack.

1 Kings 20:17

And he said, Whether they be come out for peace, take them alive; or whether they be come out for war, take them alive — Ben-hadad orders his commanders to capture the Israeli forces alive rather than kill them. The phrase shows his confidence in his army's superiority and his desire to take prisoners.

1 Kings 20:18

So these young men of the princes of the provinces came out of the city, and the army which followed them — The young men march out of Samaria with the army following. The phrase indicates Ahab's deployment of his forces in waves.

1 Kings 20:19

And they slew every one his man: and the Syrians fled; and Israel pursued them: and Ben-hadad the king of Aram escaped on an horse with the horsemen — Israel wins a decisive victory. The phrase shows complete rout: the Aramean forces are routed, and Ben-hadad himself flees on horseback. The divine promise of victory is fulfilled.

1 Kings 20:20

And the king of Israel went out, and smote the horses and chariots, and slew the Syrians with a great slaughter — Ahab pursues the fleeing Aramean forces, destroying their military equipment. The phrase shows comprehensive defeat of Ben-hadad's coalition.

1 Kings 20:21

And the prophet came to the king of Israel, and said unto him, Go, strengthen thyself, and mark, and see what thou doest: for at the return of the year the king of Aram will come up against thee — The prophet warns Ahab that Ben-hadad will return the following year. The phrase shows that the initial victory is not final—Ahab must prepare for renewed conflict.

1 Kings 20:22

And the servants of the king of Aram said unto him, Their gods are gods of the hills; therefore they were stronger than we; but let us fight against them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger than they — Ben-hadad's advisors attribute their defeat to Israel's gods being mountain deities. The phrase shows their theological misunderstanding: they believe regional deities have limited jurisdiction. If they fight in plains, they hypothesize, they will prevail.

1 Kings 20:23

And do this thing, Take the kings away, every man out of his place, and put captains in their rooms — Ben-hadad's advisors recommend reorganizing the command structure, replacing coalition kings with appointed military commanders. The phrase shows military strategy to improve command and control.

1 Kings 20:24

And number thee an army, like the army that thou hast lost, horse for horse, and chariot for chariot: and we will fight them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger than they. And he hearkened unto their voice, and did so — Ben-hadad rebuilds his military and plans a new invasion in open terrain. The phrase shows his commitment to renewed warfare despite his previous defeat.

1 Kings 20:25

And it came to pass at the return of the year, that Ben-hadad numbered the Syrians, and went up to Aphek, to fight against Israel — At the beginning of the next year, Ben-hadad mobilizes a new army and marches to Aphek. The phrase shows the renewal of Aramean military pressure on the north.

1 Kings 20:26

And the children of Israel were numbered, and were all present, and went against them: and the children of Israel pitched before them like two little flocks of kids; but the Syrians filled the country — Israel's forces are vastly outnumbered: they are like "two little flocks of kids" (goats) while the Syrians fill the entire landscape. The phrase emphasizes the disparity in military strength.

1 Kings 20:27

And there came a man of God, and spake unto the king of Israel, and said, Thus saith the LORD, Because the Syrians have said, The LORD is God of the hills, but he is not God of the valleys, therefore will I deliver all this great multitude into thine hand, and ye shall know that I am the LORD — A prophet rebukes Ben-hadad's theology: God is sovereign over all terrain—hills and valleys alike. The phrase shows God using Israel's military struggle to teach both nations about His absolute sovereignty over all creation.

1 Kings 20:28

And they pitched one over against the other seven days. And so it was, that in the seventh day the battle was joined: and the children of Israel slew of the Syrians an hundred thousand footmen in one day — After seven days of encampment, battle erupts on the seventh day. The phrase shows Israel achieving a staggering victory: 100,000 Aramean foot soldiers fall in a single day. The seventh day carries covenant significance—showing God's power manifested at the covenant number.

1 Kings 20:29

But the rest fled to Aphek, into the city; and there a wall fell upon twenty and seven thousand of the men that were left. And Ben-hadad fled, and came into the city, into an inner chamber — Fleeing Arameans crowd into Aphek. The phrase shows divine judgment manifested: a city wall collapses, killing 27,000 of Ben-hadad's remaining soldiers. Ben-hadad himself flees into an inner chamber.

1 Kings 20:30

And his servants said unto him, Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings: let us, I pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out to the king of Israel: peradventure he will save thy life — Ben-hadad's servants suggest appealing to Ahab's mercy. The phrase shows their knowledge that Israelite kings may show clemency to defeated enemies who submit.

1 Kings 20:31

So they girded sackcloth on their loins, and put ropes on their heads, and came to the king of Israel, and said, Thy servant Ben-hadad saith, I pray thee, let me live. And he said, Is he yet alive? he is my brother — Ahab receives Ben-hadad's supplication favorably and calls him "brother"—perhaps using the language of political alliance or simply showing mercy to the defeated king. The phrase shows Ahab's unexpected clemency.

1 Kings 20:32

Now the men did diligently observe whether any thing would come from him, and did quickly catch it: and they said, Thy brother Ben-hadad. Then he said, Go ye, bring him. Then Ben-hadad came forth to him; and he caused him to come up into the chariot — Ahab's use of "brother" terminology is confirmed by his men, and he summons Ben-hadad to his chariot. The phrase shows Ahab elevating the defeated king to equality or alliance status.

1 Kings 20:33

And Ben-hadad said unto him, The cities which my father took from thy father I will restore; and thou shalt make streets for thee in Damascus, as my father made in Samaria. Then said Ahab, I will let thee go with this covenant. So he made a covenant with him, and let him go — Ben-hadad offers to return conquered cities and grant Ahab commercial privileges in Damascus. The phrase shows Ahab accepting these terms and releasing Ben-hadad as an ally. The formation of a covenant relationship marks the resolution of hostilities.

1 Kings 20:34

Then a certain man of the sons of the prophets said unto his fellow in the word of the LORD, Smite me, I pray thee. And the man refused to smite him — A prophet requests another prophet to strike him as a sign. The second prophet refuses. The phrase initiates a prophetic parable about Ahab's failure to obey God's purposes in warfare.

1 Kings 20:35

Then said he unto him, Because thou hast not obeyed the voice of the LORD, behold, as soon as thou art departed from me, a lion shall slay thee. And as soon as he was departed from him, a lion found him, and slew him — The refusing prophet is killed by a lion as judgment for his disobedience. The phrase shows prophetic word executed: disobedience to another prophet—who represents God's voice—brings death.