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1 Kings 18

1

And it came to pass after many days, that the word of the Lord came to Elijah in the third year, saying, Go, shew thyself unto Ahab; and I will send rain upon the earth.

2

And Elijah went to shew himself unto Ahab. And there was a sore famine in Samaria.

3

And Ahab called Obadiah, which was the governor of his house. (Now Obadiah feared the Lord greatly:

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For it was so, when Jezebel cut off the prophets of the Lord, that Obadiah took an hundred prophets, and hid them by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water.)

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And Ahab said unto Obadiah, Go into the land, unto all fountains of water, and unto all brooks: peradventure we may find grass to save the horses and mules alive, that we lose not all the beasts.

6

So they divided the land between them to pass throughout it: Ahab went one way by himself, and Obadiah went another way by himself.

7

And as Obadiah was in the way, behold, Elijah met him: and he knew him, and fell on his face, and said, Art thou that my lord Elijah?

8

And he answered him, I am: go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here.

9

And he said, What have I sinned, that thou wouldest deliver thy servant into the hand of Ahab, to slay me?

10

As the Lord thy God liveth, there is no nation or kingdom, whither my lord hath not sent to seek thee: and when they said, He is not there; he took an oath of the kingdom and nation, that they found thee not.

11

And now thou sayest, Go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here.

12

And it shall come to pass, as soon as I am gone from thee, that the Spirit of the Lord shall carry thee whither I know not; and so when I come and tell Ahab, and he cannot find thee, he shall slay me: but I thy servant fear the Lord from my youth.

13

Was it not told my lord what I did when Jezebel slew the prophets of the Lord, how I hid an hundred men of the Lord’s prophets by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water?

1
14

And now thou sayest, Go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here: and he shall slay me.

1
15

And Elijah said, As the Lord of hosts liveth, before whom I stand, I will surely shew myself unto him to day.

16

So Obadiah went to meet Ahab, and told him: and Ahab went to meet Elijah.

17

And it came to pass, when Ahab saw Elijah, that Ahab said unto him, Art thou he that troubleth Israel?

1
18

And he answered, I have not troubled Israel; but thou, and thy father’s house, in that ye have forsaken the commandments of the Lord, and thou hast followed Baalim.

1
19

Now therefore send, and gather to me all Israel unto mount Carmel, and the prophets of Baal four hundred and fifty, and the prophets of the groves four hundred, which eat at Jezebel’s table.

20

So Ahab sent unto all the children of Israel, and gathered the prophets together unto mount Carmel.

21

And Elijah came unto all the people, and said, How long halt ye between two opinions? if the Lord be God, follow him: but if Baal, then follow him. And the people answered him not a word.

22

Then said Elijah unto the people, I, even I only, remain a prophet of the Lord; but Baal’s prophets are four hundred and fifty men.

23

Let them therefore give us two bullocks; and let them choose one bullock for themselves, and cut it in pieces, and lay it on wood, and put no fire under: and I will dress the other bullock, and lay it on wood, and put no fire under:

24

And call ye on the name of your gods, and I will call on the name of the Lord: and the God that answereth by fire, let him be God. And all the people answered and said, It is well spoken.

25

And Elijah said unto the prophets of Baal, Choose you one bullock for yourselves, and dress it first; for ye are many; and call on the name of your gods, but put no fire under.

26

And they took the bullock which was given them, and they dressed it, and called on the name of Baal from morning even until noon, saying, O Baal, hear us. But there was no voice, nor any that answered. And they leaped upon the altar which was made.

27

And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry aloud: for he is a god; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked.

28

And they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their manner with knives and lancets, till the blood gushed out upon them.

29

And it came to pass, when midday was past, and they prophesied until the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice, that there was neither voice, nor any to answer, nor any that regarded.

30

And Elijah said unto all the people, Come near unto me. And all the people came near unto him. And he repaired the altar of the Lord that was broken down.

31

And Elijah took twelve stones, according to the number of the tribes of the sons of Jacob, unto whom the word of the Lord came, saying, Israel shall be thy name:

32

And with the stones he built an altar in the name of the Lord: and he made a trench about the altar, as great as would contain two measures of seed.

33

And he put the wood in order, and cut the bullock in pieces, and laid him on the wood, and said, Fill four barrels with water, and pour it on the burnt sacrifice, and on the wood.

34

And he said, Do it the second time. And they did it the second time. And he said, Do it the third time. And they did it the third time.

35

And the water ran round about the altar; and he filled the trench also with water.

36

And it came to pass at the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice, that Elijah the prophet came near, and said, Lord God of Abraham, Isaac, and of Israel, let it be known this day that thou art God in Israel, and that I am thy servant, and that I have done all these things at thy word.

37

Hear me, O Lord, hear me, that this people may know that thou art the Lord God, and that thou hast turned their heart back again.

38

Then the fire of the Lord fell, and consumed the burnt sacrifice, and the wood, and the stones, and the dust, and licked up the water that was in the trench.

39

And when all the people saw it, they fell on their faces: and they said, The Lord, he is the God; the Lord, he is the God.

40

And Elijah said unto them, Take the prophets of Baal; let not one of them escape. And they took them: and Elijah brought them down to the brook Kishon, and slew them there.

41

And Elijah said unto Ahab, Get thee up, eat and drink; for there is a sound of abundance of rain.

42

So Ahab went up to eat and to drink. And Elijah went up to the top of Carmel; and he cast himself down upon the earth, and put his face between his knees,

43

And said to his servant, Go up now, look toward the sea. And he went up, and looked, and said, There is nothing. And he said, Go again seven times.

44

And it came to pass at the seventh time, that he said, Behold, there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea, like a man’s hand. And he said, Go up, say unto Ahab, Prepare thy chariot, and get thee down, that the rain stop thee not.

45

And it came to pass in the mean while, that the heaven was black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain. And Ahab rode, and went to Jezreel.

46

And the hand of the Lord was on Elijah; and he girded up his loins, and ran before Ahab to the entrance of Jezreel.

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1 Kings 18

The account of the contest on Mount Carmel, in which Elijah challenges the prophets of Baal to a test of divine power, represents the climax of the first section of the Elijah cycle and establishes the vindication of YHWH's supremacy and the defeat of Baal-worship as a legitimate religious alternative. The chapter opens with YHWH's direction to Elijah to present himself to Ahab and to announce the end of the drought. Ahab's accusation—'Is it you, you troubler of Israel?'—frames Elijah as responsible for the drought. Elijah's proposal for a test establishes the terms of the contest: both sides will prepare a sacrifice, and whichever god answers by sending fire from heaven will be recognized as the true god. The contest unfolds: the prophets of Baal call on their god from morning until evening, yet no fire descends. Elijah mocks them and then prays a simple prayer, and YHWH's response is immediate and overwhelming: fire descends from heaven and consumes not only the sacrifice but the wood, the stones, the dust, and even the water. Elijah's command to seize and kill the prophets of Baal introduces a note of violence and the total elimination of the opposition. The chapter concludes with the end of the drought. The theological significance lies in the demonstration that YHWH's power is manifested through the prophet's word and that the legitimacy of the prophetic word is established not through institutional authority but through the display of divine power.

1 Kings 18:46

And the hand of the LORD was on Elijah; and he girded up his loins, and ran before Ahab to the gate of Jezreel — The phrase "the hand of the LORD was on Elijah" shows divine power energizing the prophet. The phrase shows him running before Ahab's chariot in prophetic ecstasy—demonstrating that divine power, not natural strength, enables his superhuman feat. The prophet's physical prowess becomes testimony to God's presence.

1 Kings 18:9

And he said, What have I sinned, that thou wouldest deliver thy servant into the hand of Ahab, to slay me? — Obadiah protests, fearing that announcing Elijah will bring him death from the murderous king. His concern reflects the real danger prophets faced under Ahab and Jezebel's persecution.

1 Kings 18:3

And Ahab called Obadiah, which was the governor of his house. (Now Obadiah feared the LORD greatly — Obadiah, Ahab's household administrator and secretly a LORD-fearer, becomes a key intermediary. The phrase shows that even Ahab's household contained covert believers who maintained covenant loyalty despite the king's apostasy.

1 Kings 18:4

For it was so, when Jezebel cut off the prophets of the LORD, that Obadiah took an hundred prophets, and hid them by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water.) — Obadiah had protected one hundred prophets of the LORD from Jezebel's persecution, hiding them in caves and sustaining them during the famine. The phrase demonstrates courage and faith: he risked his own position to preserve God's prophetic remnant.

1 Kings 18:5

And Ahab said unto Obadiah, Go through the land, unto all fountains of water, and unto all brooks: peradventure we may find grass to save the horses and mules alive, that we lose not all the beasts — Ahab sends Obadiah to search for water and grass. The phrase shows even the king's concerns with animal survival during the famine. The search mission becomes the occasion for Elijah's dramatic encounter.

1 Kings 18:6

So they divided the land between them to pass throughout it: Ahab went one way by himself, and Obadiah went another way by himself — Ahab and Obadiah split up to cover more territory in their search. The phrase shows the systematic nature of their expedition during the drought.

1 Kings 18:7

And as Obadiah was in the way, behold, Elijah met him: and he knew him, and fell on his face, and said, Art thou that my lord Elijah? — Obadiah encounters Elijah on the road and immediately recognizes him. His phrase shows his reverence for the prophet despite the danger of association with him.

1 Kings 18:45

And it came to pass in the mean while, that the heaven was black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain. And Ahab rode, and went to Jezreel — The sky darkens, wind rises, and rain falls abundantly. The phrase shows the rapid development from single small cloud to storm. Ahab rides to his capital at Jezreel, likely in flight from the unfolding events.

1 Kings 18:8

And he answered him, I am: go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here — Elijah confirms his identity and commands Obadiah to inform Ahab. His directness shows prophetic authority and confidence in God's purpose.

1 Kings 18:10

As the LORD thy God liveth, there is no nation or kingdom whither my lord hath not sent to seek thee: and when they said, He is not there; he took an oath of them that they surely found thee not — Obadiah describes Ahab's extensive search for Elijah throughout the known world. The phrase shows the king's desperation to find and likely kill the prophet responsible for the devastating drought.

1 Kings 18:11

And now thou sayest, Go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here — Obadiah restates his dilemma: if he reports Elijah's presence, the prophet will likely be captured and executed.

1 Kings 18:12

And it shall come to pass, as soon as I am gone from thee, that the Spirit of the LORD shall carry thee whither I know not; and so when I come and tell Ahab, and he cannot find thee, he shall slay me: but I thy servant fear the LORD from my youth — Obadiah's fear is based on experience: prophets protected by God's Spirit had vanished before, appearing and disappearing supernaturally. He expresses covenant fear of the LORD as the foundation of his righteousness despite the danger.

1 Kings 18:13

Was it not told my lord what I did when Jezebel slew the prophets of the LORD, how I hid an hundred men of the LORD's prophets by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water? — Obadiah reminds Elijah of his protective action. The phrase emphasizes his established covenant loyalty, suggesting he deserves trust.

1 Kings 18:14

And now thou sayest, Go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here: and he shall slay me — Obadiah returns to his central concern: announcing Elijah will result in his execution by Ahab.

1 Kings 18:15

And Elijah said, As the LORD of hosts liveth, before whom I stand, I will surely shew myself unto him to day — Elijah's oath formula asserts absolute certainty: he will appear before Ahab this very day. The phrase shows prophetic confidence in divine protection and purpose.

1 Kings 18:16

So Obadiah went to meet Ahab, and told him: and Ahab went to meet Elijah — Obadiah obeys despite his fear, and Ahab comes to meet the prophet. The phrase shows the king's immediate response, perhaps reflecting his desperation over the ongoing famine.

1 Kings 18:17

And it came to pass, when Ahab saw Elijah, that Ahab said unto him, Art thou he that troubleth Israel? — Ahab immediately accuses Elijah of troubling Israel, blaming the prophet for the famine. The phrase shows the king's spiritual blindness: he refuses to acknowledge his own apostasy as the cause of divine judgment.

1 Kings 18:18

And he answered, I have not troubled Israel; but thou, and thy father's house, in that ye have forsaken the commandments of the LORD, and thou hast followed Baalim — Elijah's counteraccusation is direct and precise. He identifies the true cause of trouble: Ahab's and his predecessors' covenant violation and Baal worship.

1 Kings 18:19

Now therefore send, and gather to me all Israel unto mount Carmel, and the prophets of Baal four hundred and fifty, and the prophets of the groves four hundred, which eat at Jezebel's table — Elijah proposes a test: a gathering at Mount Carmel with all Israel, the 450 prophets of Baal, and 400 prophets of Asherah. The phrase shows these prophets are royal employees, fed from Jezebel's table. The public contest will demonstrate whether Baal or the LORD is truly God.

1 Kings 18:20

And Ahab sent unto all the children of Israel, and gathered the prophets together unto mount Carmel — Ahab complies with Elijah's demand. The phrase shows the king's willingness or perhaps his spiritual confusion, thinking perhaps his prophets will prevail.

1 Kings 18:21

And Elijah came unto all the people, and said, How long halt ye between two opinions? if the LORD be God, follow him: but if Baal, then follow him. And the people answered him not a word — Elijah's opening challenge frames the issue starkly: covenantal decision between exclusive allegiance to the LORD or to Baal. The phrase shows the people's silence—neither commitment nor rejection, revealing their spiritual confusion and fear.

1 Kings 18:22

Then said Elijah unto the people, I, even I only, remain a prophet of the LORD; but Baal's prophets are four hundred and fifty men — Elijah stands alone as the LORD's prophet against overwhelming numerical odds: 450 Baal prophets. The phrase emphasizes the prophet's isolation and God's faithfulness despite apparent weakness.

1 Kings 18:23

Let them therefore give us two bullocks; and let them choose one bullock for themselves, and cut it in pieces, and lay it on wood, and put no fire under: and I will dress the other bullock, and lay it on wood, and put no fire under — Elijah proposes the contest's conditions: each side will prepare a sacrificial bullock without fire. The phrase shows the test's fairness and the central issue: which deity will send fire to consume the offering.

1 Kings 18:24

And call ye on the name of your gods, and I will call on the name of the LORD: and the God that answereth by fire, let him be God. And all the people answered and said, It is well — Elijah's proposed criterion is clear and dramatic: the God who answers by fire will be proven to be the true God. The phrase shows the people's agreement to this test, recognizing its fairness and decisiveness.

1 Kings 18:25

And Elijah said unto the prophets of Baal, Choose you one bullock for yourselves, and dress it first; for ye are many; and call on the name of your gods, but put no fire under — Elijah generously permits the Baal prophets to go first and acknowledges their numerical advantage. The phrase shows prophetic confidence: Elijah will not go first, yet he remains assured of victory.

1 Kings 18:26

And they took the bullock which was given them, and they dressed it, and called on the name of Baal from morning even until noon, saying, O Baal, hear us. But there was no voice, nor any that answered. And they leaped upon the altar which was made — The Baal prophets cry out all morning without response. The phrase shows their mounting desperation. The verb "leaped" suggests an increasingly frenzied, ecstatic ritual dance attempting to summon their god.

1 Kings 18:27

And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry aloud: for he is a god; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked — Elijah's mockery is both humorous and theologically devastating. The phrase suggests Baal is either engaged in business, traveling, or sleeping—anything but present to help. The satire emphasizes Baal's absence and impotence.

1 Kings 18:28

And they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their manner with knives and lancets, till the blood gushed out upon them — The Baal prophets escalate to self-mutilation—cutting themselves with weapons until blood flows freely. The phrase shows the increasing desperation and the grotesque nature of Baal worship. This practice is explicitly forbidden in Deuteronomic law.

1 Kings 18:29

And it came to pass, when midday was past, and they prophesied until the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice, that there was neither voice, nor any to answer, nor any that regarded — Hours pass without divine response. The phrase shows the futility of the entire day's effort. By evening sacrifice time, Baal has remained entirely silent and unresponsive.

1 Kings 18:30

And Elijah said unto all the people, Come near unto me. And all the people came near unto him. And he repaired the altar of the LORD that was broken down — Elijah calls the people to him and repairs the broken altar of the LORD, an ancient shrine desecrated during Ahab's Baal worship. The phrase shows Elijah's restoration of the covenant sanctuary.

1 Kings 18:31

And Elijah took twelve stones, according to the number of the tribes of the children of Jacob, unto whom the word of the LORD came, saying, Israel shall be thy name — Elijah uses twelve stones—one for each tribe of Israel—demonstrating his theology of national covenant unity. The phrase shows that despite the political division of the kingdoms, the covenant people remain fundamentally one under God's promise.

1 Kings 18:32

And with the stones he built an altar in the name of the LORD: and he made a trench about the altar, as great as would contain two measures of seed — Elijah constructs the altar and digs a large trench around it. The phrase shows his intentionality in creating conditions that will make the miracle undeniable: water will fill the trench.

1 Kings 18:33

And he put the wood in order, and cut the bullock in pieces, and laid him on the wood, and said, Fill four barrels with water, and pour it on the burnt sacrifice, and on the wood — Elijah arranges the sacrifice and commands water to be poured on the offering and wood. The phrase shows his deliberate action to make divine response more miraculous: fire will need to consume water-soaked fuel.

1 Kings 18:34

And he said, Do it the second time. And they did it the second time. And he said, Do it the third time. And they did it the third time — Three times water drenches the offering. The phrase emphasizes the increasing impossibility of natural combustion. The threefold soaking makes divine fire undeniable.

1 Kings 18:35

And the water ran round about the altar; and he filled the trench also with water — Water saturates not only the sacrifice and wood but also fills the surrounding trench. The phrase shows Elijah's confidence: conditions cannot be more unfavorable for natural fire.

1 Kings 18:36

And it came to pass at the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice, that Elijah the prophet came near, and said, LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, let it be known this day that thou art God in Israel, and that I am thy servant, and that I have done all these things at thy word — Elijah's prayer is brief, majestic, and theologically focused. The phrase invokes the patriarchal covenant God. His prayer does not bargain or plead—it simply invokes God's self-revelation for the people's benefit.

1 Kings 18:37

Hear me, O LORD, hear me, that this people may know that thou art the LORD God, and that thou hast turned their heart back again — Elijah's prayer emphasizes national spiritual renewal. The phrase shows his prayer's purpose: not his personal vindication but the people's return to covenant knowledge of God.

1 Kings 18:38

Then the fire of the LORD fell, and consumed the burnt sacrifice, and the wood, and the stones, and the dust, and licked up the water that was in the trench — Fire falls from heaven and consumes everything: the sacrifice, wood, stones, dust, and even the water in the trench. The phrase shows divine fire as absolutely destructive and undeniable. The consuming of the water emphasizes the miracle's impossibility by natural causation.

1 Kings 18:39

And when all the people saw it, they fell on their faces: and they said, The LORD, he is God; the LORD, he is God — The people's response is immediate conversion. The phrase shows their acknowledgment of God's reality and sole deity. The doubled affirmation—"The LORD, he is God; the LORD, he is God"—expresses profound recognition and commitment.

1 Kings 18:40

And Elijah said unto them, Take the prophets of Baal; let not one of them escape. And they took them: and Elijah brought them down to the brook Kishon, and slew them there — Elijah commands the execution of the 450 Baal prophets. The phrase shows the violence that follows divine demonstration: the false prophets are killed at the Kishon brook. This execution represents judgment upon those who led Israel to apostasy.

1 Kings 18:41

And Elijah said unto Ahab, Get thee up, eat and drink; for there is a sound of abundance of rain — Elijah, hearing the sound of approaching rain, commands Ahab to eat. The phrase shows the prophet's confidence: the famine will end. The "abundance of rain" signals restoration of the land.

1 Kings 18:42

So Ahab went up to eat and to drink. And Elijah went up to the top of Carmel; and he cast himself down upon the earth, and put his face between his knees — Elijah withdraws to pray in a posture of intense intercession. The phrase shows the prophet's physical humility as he seeks God's confirmation of rain through prayer.

1 Kings 18:43

And said to his servant, Go up now, look toward the sea. And he went up, and looked, and said, There is nothing. And he said, Go again seven times — Elijah sends his servant to look for signs of approaching rain. The phrase shows the prophet's persistence: seven times the servant looks. The number seven suggests completeness and covenant.

1 Kings 18:44

And it came to pass at the seventh time, that he said, Behold, there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea, like a man's hand: and he said, Go up, say unto Ahab, Prepare thy chariot, and get thee down, that the rain stop thee not — On the seventh look, a small cloud appears—tiny as a man's hand. The phrase shows divine response emerging incrementally. Elijah's command to prepare Ahab's chariot shows imminent rainfall.

1 Kings 18:1

And it came to pass after many days, that the word of the LORD came to Elijah in the third year, saying, Go, shew thyself unto Ahab; and I will send rain upon the earth — The LORD commands Elijah to reveal himself to Ahab and announce the end of the famine. The phrase marks the termination of the three-year drought. The rain represents both natural restoration and divine mercy upon the land.

1 Kings 18:2

And Elijah went to shew himself unto Ahab. And there was a sore famine in Samaria — Elijah journeys to Ahab's capital during severe famine conditions. The phrase emphasizes the desperate circumstances that contextualize his prophetic challenge.