“Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost;”
He saved us, not because of works done by us in righteousness, but according to his own mercy, through the washing of regeneration (palingenesia) and renewing of the Holy Spirit — the denial of works-righteousness (ouk di' ergōn dikaiosynēs) excludes human merit from salvation, grounding it solely in God's mercy (eleos) and initiative. The double-bath metaphor — loutron palingenesias (washing of new-birth) and anakainōsis tou pneumatos — employs baptismal language for spiritual transformation. Palingenesia (restoration of all things) connects individual regeneration to cosmic renewal.
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