“Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ.”
Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ — the Trinitarian structure (Father and Lord Jesus, with Spirit's work implicit) establishes the theological foundation. The preposition 'from' (apo) indicates the source: both Father and Son are equally sources of grace, a radical claim about Christ's status. This greeting is not mere politeness but a pronouncement of blessing that frames the entire letter's concern with rejoicing and peace.
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