Mizpah, Chephirah, Mozah — Mizpah ('watchtower') becomes crucial in later history as a gathering place for covenant renewal and judgment. Chephirah and Mozah are smaller settlements. The variety of city sizes reflects the complexity of settlement patterns; not all Israelite land was urban, but distributed across hierarchical urban networks. Covenant distribution creates a graduated system of habitation.

COMMUNITY REFLECTIONS

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