“Knowest thou it, because thou wast then born? or because the number of thy days is great?”
God asserts 'Surely you know, for you were born then! The number of your days is great!' using heavy sarcasm to point out that Job, being young relative to cosmic history, could not possibly have the knowledge he pretends to have. The ironic acknowledgment that Job's days are 'great' compared to other humans is immediately undercut by the implicit comparison to cosmic timescales. Job's lifetime, however long it seems to him, is insignificant relative to the age of the cosmos. God's sarcastic assertion that Job 'must know' because he was born at creation mocks Job's presumption. The verse establishes temporal asymmetry: Job's brief life cannot encompass understanding of a cosmos that preceded his existence. The sarcasm is cutting but also contains a point: Job's perspective is necessarily limited by his temporal location in a cosmos far larger and older than himself.
Church Fathers on Job 38:21
Didst thou know then that thou wast about to be born, and didst thou know the number of thy days? As if He were openly saying, What wonder if thou understandest not thine end, since thou dost not comprehend thy beginning? And since thou knowest not with what beginning thou camest hither, what wonder, if thou canst not tell with what end thou art taken away? If therefore it was My work to bring thee forward from secresy to sight at thy beginning, it will be Mine also to bring…
Nicene & Post-Nicene / Ante-Nicene Fathers translations · public domain
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