“Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world:”
So also, when we were underage, we were in slavery under the basic principles of the world. — Paul applies the metaphor to humanity under Torah: our pre-Christian condition was slavery ('douleia') to the 'stoicheia tou kosmou' (basic principles/elemental forces of the world), a mysterious phrase suggesting cosmic powers, demonic forces, or the elemental structure of existence before Christ.
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