“He brought them out, after that he had shewed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt, and in the Red sea, and in the wilderness forty years.”
'Has not my hand made all these things?' So you stiff-necked and uncircumcised in heart and ears! You are just like your fathers: You always resist the Holy Spirit!' - Isaiah's question 'Has not my hand made all these things?' asserts God's absolute creative ownership and sufficiency. Stephen now turns to direct accusation: 'stiff-necked' (sklērotrachēloi, hard-necked) echoes Exodus 33:3 and 34:9, Israel's resistance to God's will. 'Uncircumcised in heart and ears' (aperitmētoi kardiais kai tois ōsin) is a spiritual metaphor: physically circumcised but spiritually unreceptive to God's word. The accusation 'You always resist the Holy Spirit' (humeis aei tō pneumati tō hagiō antipiptete) is the climactic charge.
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